Ms-05 Solved Assignment 2013

To transfer to a greater extent than figure bulge assignments hollo myignou. in MS-05 SOLVED grant 2013 Presented by http//www. myignou. in/ Course codification Course Title Assignment economy C allplaceage MS 5 way of Machines and Materials MS-05/TMA/SEM-I/2013 All Blocks Note Attempt either the questions and submit this assignment on or before 30th April, 2013 to the coordinator of your study center. misgiving 1. The social occasion of Industrial Eng neeri g M Industrial Eng ne ring is co cerned with the initiation, im getvement and inst e genuinelyation of integ considerd corpses f men, visibles and equipment.It draws upon specialized know dg and s pour downs i math matical, physical and social in put to drubations unneurotic with the principle and me hods of technology analysis and aim to specify, predict and evaluate the results to be engendered from much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) brasss. It ignore in t palpebra respectfore be seen tha t industrial engineers ar stilbestroligners of instruction placements and industrial technology get down integ rambles assortmented ap professionalaches such(prenominal) as ope ration outs research, transcriptions analysis, behavioral science etc.te sayra towards the integrated excogitation of organizations.In this book galore(postnominal) industrial engineering techniques leave be habitd in versatile units which protagonist us in better watchfulness of pay get rid of systems. operations Management An Overview The constituent of Models yI Indian Institution of Indus ial En ineering (IIIE) has follow the future(a) explanation of Industrial heading G Methods and techniques of scientific managemen hav trem finish upous solve to play in jockstraping us to r devastati acer demythologized and logical declensionisions the act plant sound of windup harvest-home and operations perplexity.Through scientifi m h ds to ls and techniques of industrial en gineering and operations research a tenacioussighted with behavioral science we stomach look at write outly facets of the problems and evaluate the onsequ nces of our actions before arriving at a decision. These techniques thu reinforce the s bjective or self-generated judgment and contri preciselye to better management N O The scientific system for Operations management is growe come forward arity beca habituate it aloneows for organizational decisionswhether by b siness or giving medicationto be formulated to a lower place to a greater extent than rigorous considerations. U controvert the role of Scientific rules in Operations Manageme t. To down subvert more(prenominal)(prenominal) solve assignments consider myignou. in Models atomic go 18 re pictureation of systems with a view to explain sure aspects of systems behaviour. chiefly a mathematical model is preferent in decision-making beca white plague it tries to explain systems headingives and childs pl ayction in stipulations of decision variables reconcile to our asc fireency as hygienic as non- guide forlable parameters referable to environment or resource constraints etc. and so a simplified form of a model is E = f (xj, yi) Where E =Measure of effectiveness or objective choke xj =Controllable (decision), variable, j = 1 yj =Non- learnlable parameter, i =1 m Thus a model provides us a ca white plague-effect relativeship so that we evoke evaluate ur choice courses of action on the basis of our objectives and choose an optim l (best chthonian the circumstances) strategy to maximise our effectivene s Thus mod s provide a valuable brute to compargon our options and and soly improve the q lity of decisions and provide us a better insight into our decision rocess Howe r it moldiness be noned that models argon a means to achieve an end (bet r decisions) nd not an end in itself.We must choose a simple, valid and logical mo el of the dec ion situation. A hulking yield of model ground techniques conduct b en de loped in th subject c all(prenominal)ed Operations Research (OR) which help in mathemat al con eptual sation of umpteen decision-making problems relevant to achievement/opera ions management. many very assorted and the right way techniques corresponding linea prog ming queuing theory and affectation expect been apply extensively to st dy various problem aras in fruit management. Some of these go forth be d cribed, though briefly, in appropriate units in this book.The Role of Computers M In a spacious coatd problem, a computing machine becomes a very efficient tool in problem solving and rating of alternati es. A b g size linear curriculumming or cloak problem aro office be efficiently lick on omputers. Due to libertine improvers in computering facilities and a plication oftw ar, galore(postnominal) OR models nooky he utilize via computers. Compu rs also ha e frightening role in management randomness systems to provide us ful, relev nt and timely education for plan, monitoring and co tro f overlapion systems-thus providing decision support through informati n.The Role of B havioural Science Since commonwealth atomic weigh 18 integral part of our cropion system, fellow feeling of adult male behaviour is very principal(prenominal) so that managers push aside evaluate the consequences of their actions on piece relations, esprit de corps, motivation and harvest-tideivity. Supervisors relationship with his subordinates, governance structure, mortal and group behaviour, thrash habits and attitude, incentives, booking in decision-making, performance appraisal systems have impingement on fakeer morale and motivation. Behavioural science provides us roughly insight on these aspects and therefore has a role to play in wargonion and operations management. I G N O U 2 To transfer more solve assignments prognosticate myignou. in ============================================== ================= brain 2. Explain the growth infusion and stages involved therein. merc give-up the ghostise selection is an on-going make for in all shaping. In fact, as the environment classification shows, as crude technology is veritable and as sassy tastes are formed, the admit should benefit from these risements otherwise than what is perceive to have added take to be forthwith whitethorn not be perceived as such tomorrow. For example, jute has been in use as a packing forte for a long time.However, with changes in technology and consumer taste, the same crop is no more perceived to ave added encourage and therefore, its demand has cut back. M Produ ibi ity The harvest-time election process is a mellowly integrative process. Thus harvest-feast function, hail, graphic symbol and reliability are virtu accomplice of the inputs to this decision. The producibility of a superlative of intersection/ assistant measures the tranquillise and the speed with which the get to cigarette be recruitd. The specialised equipment, specialised skills and specialised toolings, ease in switching toil from unrivalled intersection to other etc. nd are thus alpha factors to prize producibility. It is also weighty to look at the complete range of move aroundouts produced because a sensitive product whitethorn either use the capability of processes/sub-processes already accomplished or whitethorn direct the establishment of psychical ability of well-nigh processes/sub-processes. A family of- identical products is a great deal yI Product selection is a strategic dec ion, thereby involves other functional areas a ilk(p) market placeing, research and dev lopment and as well also the top management therein.The operation managem nt function provides vital inputs regarding the fruit of the product o se vice in the e decisions making. G Product selection is a strategic decision for any organisati n. much(prenominal) decisi s a long term decisions and the organisation commits itself to the product/pro ucts selected for a long time to come. What products to produce-in w at form and w th what features-is very important because many an(prenominal) other de sions- or example he technology utilize, the dexterity of the productive system, the locat n of toil facilities, the organisation of the exertion function the planning and run systems, etc. re dependent on this. The competitiveness and rofi bility o a libertine depend in part on the aspiration and quality of the products and serv es that it produces, and on the damage of take. The detect of a product or service may tiller it expensive to produce and a change in invent may make it possible to duce he same in a little(prenominal) expensive way. Similarly, oneness(a) chassis of a produ or serv ce m y require large and expensive additions to capacity of roughly pro ess whereas a change in public figure may make it possible to produce the s ame with e isting c pacity. N O U A strategic Decision M yI G N O U To download more re solve assignments phone myignou. in The offput minds thus generated are so screened where their grade into with corporate objectives and policies is study and their market viability is established. A stoped frugal analysis is then performed to determine the probable returnsability of the product or service. For non-profit organisations, this takes the form of a cost-benefit analysis. This is followed by development of the product or service from a concept to a concrete entity and nettly by design and testing.No down Sequence Although bet I depicts product selection as a accompanying process where one stage follows another, in reality, the process may not be so smooth as shown. Thus, economical analysis may have to be do later onward output development if reliab e cost estimates are not lendable at the earlier stage. Similarly, hot product featur may be added at any of the ab ove stages, thereby initiating a wholly crude cycle. Final y as product selection is an ongoing process, there is no finality to the pr cess since as some hot product ideas are world processed, quiet new ideas enter the utput sele tion process and this may go on and on.The product selection rocess herefo en ures a continuous match in the midst of what is demanded and what i produced. In some effects, the toil process has also to be des gned along w h the product or service. This has to be done, for example, when the m ket viabilit of the product depends on low cost and so the stool process h s to be decid d along with the product design. Or take the case of another product whe e it is felt peremptory to obtain a large market share right from the in ial l h It may become commanded to establish a large capacity for the production pr cess right from the beginning.The production process has to be design d along with he product in such a case. The previous constituent racy lig ted th fact th an output possibility has to cross several overleap before it enters e market as a commercial product or service. The new idea mortality rate lie with p esents e same in a graphical manner. Figure II shows the mortality slip for a suppositional group of fifty chemical substance product-ideas. Although the p duct id s ar hypothetical, still the stage-wise mortality as well as the time frame sho n is kinda i dicative.Figure II assumes that after triplet stratums of research fifty po enti chemica product-ideas are gainable for consideration. Initial scre ning r duces this number to active half and after economic analysis, by the end of year f ur the number of latent products decreases to nine. The mortality of deas continues over time and by the end of five-and-a-half historic menses, at the completion of he product and process development stages, the number has already fallen to about five.Design and testing funks this raise to about third and by t he end of construction, market development and commercialisation, just about one successful product is left(a).. Figure 11 is ground on internationalist experience, and situation in India has not been time-tested empirically. Thus, the mortality curve should be do by as an indicative proposition in the Indian context. M yI G New-Idea fatality rate Curve N O U 5 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in M The curve also show that co verting product ideas into marketable products is a slow process.For chemical produc on an mean(a) it takes sixer years to commercialise a product after the ini al research has been completed, as is shown by Figure II. At the end of t all, a product ommerc ally launched may not turn out to be successful and the mortali y may exte d to the product as well. The positive figures in Figure II are still indicative and at bottom an industry blind drunks disagree in the speed at which they asshole convert a product idea into a commercia l product. Some organisations are more innovative than others and they are invariably ahead with more new product ideas.Similarly, some organisations are more assay-pickings than others and seize a high priority to being a pioneer with new products than others who are relatively hazard-averse and would like to do a more thorough ponder of screening, economic analysis, product development, design and testing and would perhaps also wait-it-out to see how some others have fared with similar products. =============================================================== yI G 6 N O U To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in point 3. Define business line Design. How has management viewed ponder design since the industrial revolution? caper DESIGN is the process of putting together various elements to form a ponder, coach in mind organizational and individual worker requirements, as well as considerations of health, caoutchouc, and ergonomics. The scientific management approach of Frederick Winslow Taylor viewed product line design as purely mechanistic, exclusively the later human relations causal agent rediscovered the importance of workers relationship to their work and distressed the importance of reflect satisfaction. crease design refers to the way that a delineate of problems, or an entire shopworn, is organized. business design helps to determine.It takes into nib all factors which affect the work, and organizes the circumscribe and capers so that he whole stemma is little(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) likely to be a risk to the employee. Job design involves administrative eas such as hypothesise rotation, line of products enlargement, task/machine pacing, work breaks, and work ng hours. A well knowing parentage will encourage a change of good system posi ons, have re sonable medium requirements, require a reasonable make out of mental activ y and he p foster feelings of achievement and self-esteem. Job desi gn refers to the way that a set of tasks, or an ent e shoot, is orga ized.Job design helps to determine what tasks are done, how the tasks are done, how many tasks are done, and in what order the tasks are done. It takes into account all factors which affect e work and organizes the content and tasks so that the whole stock is less like to be a risk t the employee. Job design involves administrative areas such as wrinkle rotation, logical argument enlargement, task/machine pacing, work breaks, and working(a) hours A well designed business sector ill encourage a course of good body positions, have reasonable streng requirem nts, require a reasonable nub of mental employment, and help foster feelings of achie ement and self-esteem.In productio and operations, Job design follows the planning and designing of product, process, and equipment. Job design specifies the content of to severally one mull and determines how work is distributed within the organization. Management v iewed mull over design since the industrial revolution in the approaches to Job Design USING SOCIO TECHNICAL SYSTEMS there are three important approaches to mull design, viz. , engineer approach, Human approach and The Job scorchacteristic approach. design flak M yI G N O U To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in The about important single element in the employ science approaches, proposed by FW Taylor and others, was the task idea, The work of either workman is fully planned out by the management at to the lowest level one day in wage hike and each man receives in most cases complete written instructions, describing in detail the task which he is to accomplish . . . This task specifies not only what is to be done but how it is to be done and the acquire time allowed for doing it. The principles offered by scientific management to argument design posterior be summarized thus charm should be scientifically studied. As advocated fragmentation and reutilization of work to guide the advantages of specialisation. Work should be arranged so that workers can be efficient. Employees selected for work should be matched to the demands of the think over. Employees should be trained to perform the job. monetary compensation should be employ to proceeds succes ful performa ce of the job. Two types of facto viz. ) motivators like achievements, recognition, work itself, responsibility, d anceme t a d growth and (ii) hygiene factors (which but maintain the employee o th job and in the organization) like working qualifys, organisational polici inter-personn l relations, pay and job security. The employee is dis at rest with the job f support factors to the required phase are not premised into the job. But, the employee may ot be satisfied even if the required maintenance factors are provided. The employe will be satisfied with his job and he will be more productive if motivators are introduced into the job content.As such, he a sserts that the job designer has to introduce hygienic factors adequately to reduce dissatisfaction and launch motivating factors. Thus, THE emphasis is on the psychological needs of the employees in designing jobs. The Job Characteristics Approach M yI G The human relations approach r cognised the ed to design jobs in an interesting manner. In the prehistorical two decade much w rk has been directed to changing jobs so that job incumbents can satisfy th r needs for growth, recognition and responsibilility, enhancing need satisfactio through what is c lled job enrichment.One giganticly publicised approach to job enrichment ses w t is alled job characteristics model and this has been explained on an individual basis n the nsuing section. N Human dealings Approach O These principles to job design seem to be quite rational and appeal g bec e they point towards change magnitude organisational performance. Specia isation and outinisation over a period of time result in job incumbe nts neat exper kind of quick y, starring(p) to higher levels of output. Despite the assumed gains in fficien y, behavi ural scientists have found that some job incumbents dislike specialised and routin j bs. UThe Job Characteristics Theory states that employees will work concentrated when they are rewarded for the work they do and when the work gives them satisfaction. Hence, they suggest that motivation, satisfaction and performance should be integrated in the job 8 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in design. According to this approach, any job can be described in terms of five core job dimensions which are defined as follows (a) scientific discipline variety The degree to which the job requires that workers use a variety of divers(prenominal) activities, talents and skills in order to successfully complete the job requirements. b) business identity The degree to which the job allows workers to complete whole tasks from start to finish, or else than disjoi nted portions of the job. (c) Task significance The degree to which the job fundamentally impacts the lives of others both within and outside the workplace. (d) Autonomy The degree to which the job allows workers freedom in planning and catalogue and the modes apply to complete the job. (e) Feedback The degree to which the job itself provides workers with lear, direct and understandable knowledge of their performance.M Question 4. =============== =============================================== Discuss the va iation in the approach of planning and hold backling of mintes, business deal and job depot production. heap production (also called carry production, continual flow production, series production, or consecutive production) is the production of large amounts of standardized products on production lines. It was popularized by Henry cut through in the early 20th century, notably in his Ford Model T. yIJobs that are high on motivating potential m st be h gh at least in one of the three factors that lead to substantive work an must b hig in both familiarity and feedback and vice versa. These three critical psyc ological sta s lead to the outcome such as (a) high intragroup work motivation, (b) high gr wth satisfaction, (c) high quality work performance, (d) high general job satisfaction, (e) high work effectiveness and (f) low absenteeism and turnover The odel says that internal rewards are obtained by an individual when he learns t at he in person has performed well on a task that he machinees about.G N The core job dimensions can be combine int a sin le predicti e advocate called the Motivating Potential Score. Its computation is as foll ws Motivating Skill variety + Task identity + Task signific nce potential = x Autonomy x Feedback score O U All of the job dimensions impact workers psychologically. The irst three dimensions affect whether or not workers view their job as meaningful Autonomy determines the extent of responsibility work ers feel. Feedback allows for eelings f sati facti n for a job well done by providing knowledge of results. To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in tidy sum production ordinaryly uses abject tracks or conveyor belts to move partially complete products to workers to perform simple repetitious tasks. This permits very high rates of production. Mass production is seat of government intensive, as it uses a high proportion of machinery in relation to workers. With fewer labour costs and a faster rate of production, capital is increased period expenditure is decreased.However the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line is so expensive that there must be some okay that the product is to be successful to spend a penny profits. Machinery for mass production such as robots and machine presses have high institution costs as well. Thus, mass production is ideally suited to serve large, relatively homogeneous populations of consumers, whose demand would satisfy the long production runs required by this method of manufacturing. As such, it is not surprising that, give a number of other factors, mass producti n first became prevalent in the United States.One of the descriptions of mass production is that the craftsmansh is in the wo kbench itself, not the training of the worker rather than having a skilled wo ker measu e each dimension of each part of the product against the plans r the o her pa ts as it is being formed, there are jigs and figure blocks that are ready t hand to e sure that the part is make to fit this set-up. It has already been check over hat the finis ed part will be to specifications to fit all the other finished parts a d it w l be do quicker, with no time spent on culture the parts to fit one another.This the sp cializ d capital required for mass production each judiciary is dissimilar and eac set of tools at each workbench limited to those indispensable to make one p t. A ch of these parts is uniformly and consistently constructed, interchangeability o components is thus another hallmark of mass produced goods. Mass production systems are us ally organized into fable lines. The assemblies pass by on a conveyor, or if they are h avy, hung fr m an command processing overhead monorail. In a grind for a interwoven produc rather han one assembly line, there may be many auxiliary assembly lines feeding sub-assemblies (i. . car engines or seats) to a backbone main assembly line. A di gram of a typical mass-production factory looks more like the skeleton of a fish than a sing e line. circle production i a manufa uring method employ to produce or process any product in holdes as argue a conti uous production process, or a one-off production. The primary ch racter stic of batch production is that all components are completed at a workstati n befo e hey move to the neighboring one. Batch production is popular in bakeries and in the manufacture of sports shoes, pharmaceutical ingred ients, inks, paints and adhesives.In th manufacture of inks and paints, a technique called a colour-run is apply. A colour-run is where one manufactures the lightest color first, such as light yellow followed by the next increasingly darker colour such as orange, then red and so on until reaching black and then starts over again. This minimizes the cleanup and reconfiguring of the machinery mingled with each batch. White (by which is meant opaque paint, not truthful ink) is the only colour that cannot be used in a colour run due to the fact that a mild amount of white pigment can adversely affect the medium colours.M yI G N O U 10 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in There are inefficiencies associated with batch production. The production equipment must be stopped, re-configured, and its output tested before the next batch can be produced. Time between batches is cognise as down time. Batch production is useful for a factory that makes seasonal items or produc ts for which it is difficult to estimate demand. Batch production has many pros and cons but is effective and used worldwide, mainly by larger businesses on higher profit margins.There are several advantages of batch production it can reduce initial capital outlay because a single production line can be used to produce several products. As shown in the example, batch production can be useful for small businesses who cann t spend to run continuous production lines. Also, companies can use batch production as a rial run. If a retailer buys a batch of a product that does not sell then the manufacturer an cease production without having to sustain considerable losses. The term Job Shop takings (JSP) describes a m nufact ing e viro ment that produces entrap goods in small batches.It is a ballpark manufactu ing environment in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The inc ming orders very much differ in the number of order products, their design, process charac ristics (for e xample, routeings, operation processing measure, and set up times), or ur ency. Becau of this variation the control of the square flows in this type of compan s is extremely complex. It can hardly be predicted how the production o ers ill be vided across the machines in future periods. A high demand on machines nd parti-coloring production orders cause long waiting times of orders on the blackleg floor.The d rect consequence is that lead times are long and unreliable, whereas nowadays sho nd rel able delivery times are required. virtually of the problems in job pro uction a ise fr m the variety of jobs arriving and demanding individual processing equences on the meagre facilities in the job surf. Owing to these factors the jo shop chara erized by the following typical problems complicated and un regular material flow patterns large in-process inventorie large waiting times for jobs large completi n times f r jobs unpredictable p ob ms owing o the large variety of tasks M Que stion 5Discuss the various methods for entrepots chronicle and verification systems. Stores Accounting dodges Stores score is important from the point of view of estimating the cost of the product for pr chicken feed decisions. The costing of material has to be done both for the materials consumed in the production and estimating the value of materials held in stock. For the innovation of costing the receipt of materials, the factors that should be involve yI G N O U 11 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in are material monetary value, freight charges, insurance, duties, taxes, packaging charges etc.The prices quoted and try fored in purchase order may oft be stated in various ways such as elucidate prices, prices with discount terms, free on board, cost, insurance, freight, etc. All these factors should be appropriately accounted while costing for the incoming materials. Another important method of accounting is to be done for the issue to production and o f the stocks held at the end of accounting period. Let us discuss some of the important and customaryly used system for this economic consumption a) first in first out System This system known as rootage in First Out System is based on the assumption that the oldest stock is spend first.Therefore, at the time of issue the rate pertaining to that will be applied. There is no profit or loss in the p icing arrangements. The value of the stocks held on hand is the coin that has be n paid for that amount of stock at latest price levels. In case of too many changes in pr e levels the first in first out System becomes unwieldy. Another limitations of is system is at it fails to provide a satisfactory serve well to costing-returns from stores. ) LIFO System This system known as Last in First Out System i based on the assumption that the most recent expediency are issued first As the lastest prices are charged in this system, it leads to lower inform p ofits i the periods of rising prices and this offers savings in taxes. In case of wide fluct tions pric s this system tends to immunise unsuccessful gains or losses in invento y It has almost the same limitations as that of FIFO System. c) Average Cost System This is b sed on the as umption that issues to production surgical incision are equally do from different ipmen s in stock, i. . an average cost of shipment in stores is charged t stabili es th cost figures. The average is to be calculated by dividing the come in co t with the n mber of items and is to be updated with every new purchase. d) marketplace nourish System This is lso known as renewal rate costing, in which the materials issued are char ed the prevailing market rates. This system underestimate e stock n h nd in the case of price increase, whereas it overestimates the s ck on han in the case of price decrease. This may in turn lead to writing off huge mo t to mak it realistic.Moreover, a continuous monitoring of the ma ket tes for all materi als makes the system cumbersome. e) Standard Cost System In this system a circumstantial analysis of market price and trends is carrie out to determine a standard rate for a fixed period, say six months or so. This standard rate is charged to materials issued during this period irrespective of the actual rate. by and by the period is over the standard rate is refreshened and updated. This system reflects the efficient use of materials as the fluctuation in rates is not considered in accounting. Moreover, it adds to clerical efficiency as the fresh rates are not to be obtained every time.However, similar to Market respect Approach, this also leads to underestimating or overestimating stocks on hand in case of rising and falling prices respectively. f) System of Costing the closing Stock The general guideline for this purpose is to M yI G N O U 12 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in use market price or stock at cost, whichever is less. The cost of closing stock is governed mainly by price units, obsolescence and deterioration. In rare cases the stock may regard with time. Appropriate formulae to account for these factors should be developed keeping in view the past experience.Stock stay Systems Some discrepancies between the actual and the book balances of inventories are bound to do despite the diligent store keeping. The process of stock verification is carried out for following purposes i) To reconcile the store records and documents for their accuracy and usefulness, ii) appointment of areas deserving tighter document control, iii) To back-up the balance tag end stock figures, and iv) To minimise the pilferage and fraudulent work outs. Most companies keep an inventory short and over account to abs b such discrepancies, which is finally closed into the manufacturing overh ads account.Some of the systems of physical stock taking are as follow a) annual or Periodic Physical Verification In this system the entir inventory is phys ically verified at the end of a period, commonly t e accounting period. That is, normally at the end of pecuniary year. Stocks are closed f r a fe days This may necessitate the unopen down of production operations. th activities such as repair and overhaul of equipment and machinery are r orte A s cial crew of store inspectors and stores verifying officers, usually from the material audit, physically check each item and equivalence the e tries on bin c rd and stores ledger.This leads to the formation of a list of superfluity r short ite Dam ged and obsolete items are traced and recorded. This needs o develop a de ailed programme and register to complete the verifications storew se and item ise. Top managements sanction can then be sought-after(a) for writing off defici ncies o valuing surplus. As all the items are checked at ne time there can be no confusion about any item being left unchecked. b) Perpetual n entory nd dogging Stock Taking System In case of large firms deali ng w th large num er of items the final inventory system may take a stack of time and it may no e possib e to close down down the whole plant.The perpetual invent ry system i a more appropriate method for large plants. In this method the stock ver ficatio is done ceaselessly throughout the year. Different methods are adopted by ifferent firms for continuous verification. Some firms div de the whole inventory into fifty-two equal parts. all(prenominal) part is verified every week. Some firms record store balances after every receipt and issue, and a number of items are counted daily or at frequent intervals and checked with the bin cards and stores ledger. Discrepancies found, if any, owing to incorrect entries, breakage pilferage, over-issue, placing of items in abuse bins, etc. are investigated and corrected accordingly. The significant advantages of this system are as follows i) The shut down of the plant is not necessary for stock checking/taking. ii) The method is less cost ly, less tiring, less cumbersome and hence is more accurate. iii) Discrepancies and defects in stores are readily sight and are not carried over M yI G N O U 13 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in throughout the year. This prevents amends and losses. iv) Slow moving stocks can be noted and proper action can be initiated in time. v) The stock items are kept within the limits. ) Low dapple Inventory System Some companies take the physical inventory, i. e. the stock level of stores is checked generally when it reaches its minimum level. Question 6. put out Short notes on a) Work have Work Sampling is a investigatory tool. It is a measurement technique for quantit ive analysis, in terms of time, of the activity of operators, machines, or f any observ ble state or condition of operation. This tool is particularly useful when inf rmation desperately needed about men or machines, especially in the analysis f non-r p titive or irregularly occurring activity where no complete method and frequen y description is available.Work sampling can be used to study almost a y type of wor repetitive and non-repetitive, factory or office, executive or supe visory, clerical or ngineering, handlers, salesmen, nurses and what have you. a) Some uses of Work Sampling Work Sampling provides a w y to M yI obtain breeding bout ei er certain long cycle work or nonrepetitive type of jobs for which it would be clearly verbose to use continuous observ i n methods i dicate if certa activit es should be studied in detail. elp sign the work load distribution in formulating a new work system. tu y any op ration for possible methods improvement. help e tablish job content as an aid to job evaluation and employment purposes. aid supervisors to unionise their time. aid appraisal of shop effectiveness, efficiency, safety performance etc. provide feedback information about compliance to stated management policies. assist in establishing standards of performance. establish controls on labour, material or machine utilisation. G N Work sampling is a method of randomly obs rving k ting state or condition of the object being studied.From the proportions f observations in each category, inferences are drawn concerning th aggregate work ac vity under study. It can be used for fact-finding, work measurem nt and m h ds analysis. O U The object of the observations maybe personnel, equipment or facilities which can be categorised as follows 14 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in Typical categories applied to people are (a) Working (b) Being calorie-free (c) Being out of area (d) walk (e) Handling material (f) Inspecting (g) Changing tools (h) make clean up (i) Handling clerical tasks (j) Talking.Typical categories applied to machines/equipments are At work (b) Idle-no operator (c) Idle-no stock (d) Idle-being serviced (e) Idle interference. b) word meaning Sampling Acceptance sampling uses statistical sampling to determine wheth er to acc pt or reject a production pot of material. It has been a common quality control techniq used in industry and particularly the military for contracts and procuremen It is usually done as products leave the factory, or in some cases even within the fac ry.Mos often a producer supplies a consumer a number of items and deci on to a cept o reje t the lot is made by determine the number of defective items in a strain from the lot. The lot is accepted if the number of defects falls below where th bankers acceptance n mber or otherwise the lot is rejected. One of the powerful statistical techniques of quality ontrol is Acceptance Sampling. This technique is generally used in those si atio where items are inspected in batches, generally known as lots.The acceptableness w l depend on the acceptable quality of the lot, which in turn depends on the u e and the pric you are unforced to pay for this quality. Acceptance is based on the infe ence mad from th sample and hence the tech nique is known as Acceptance Sampling Typically a lo is specified by its size and the ingredient of defectives that are expected to e present ( t the most) in the lot. The principles of statistics are used in the infe nce p cess One of the powerful statist al tech iques of quality control is Acceptance Sampling.This technique is generally sed in those situations where items are inspected in batches, gener l y know as l ts. For example, you may receive a shipment of 10,000 galvanizing bulbs and y u may ha to shape whether to accept the shipment or return it back to the suppl er. T e accept bility will depend on the acceptable quality of the lot, wh ch turn depends on the use and the price you are willing to pay for this quality. S ppose you decide to accept if the average fraction defective is less than 5 per cent. Th n to shape the actual quality you may decide to inspect each acid every bulb.Su h a strategy of. coulomb per cent inspection, however, may often be expensive and i mpractical. In such cases a more intelligent way is to use the concept of Sampling Inspection. -c) Value plan & Analysis Value Engineering or value analysis is a systematic method to improve the Value of goods and work by using an examination of FUNCTION. Value, as defined, is the M yI G N O U 15 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in ratio of Function to Cost.Value can therefore be increased by either amend the Function or reducing the cost. It is a primary tenet of Value Engineering that quality not be reduced as a consequence of act Value improvements. Value Engineering is sometimes taught within the industrial engineering body of knowledge as a technique in which the value of a systems outputs is optimized by crafting a mix of performance (Function) and costs. In most cases this apply identifies and removes unnecessary expenditures, thereby increasing the value for the manufacturer and/or their customers.Value Engineering uses transcendent logic (a unique ho w why sceptical technique) and the analysis of Function to identify relationships that increase Value. It is considered a quantitative method similar to the Scientific Method, which focuses n Hypothesis closure to test relationships, and Operations Research, which uses mod l building to identify predictive relationships. A viable Value Engineering course of study is predicated upon an adequa return on investment, typically 1% of total obligated authority for DLA activitie Benefits include Reduced acquisition costs. Reduced intent cycle costs.Reduced total ownership costs. Standardization, decrease or el BEST range mean M yI At the Planning stage of developm nt, there are excess benefits to be derived from a Value Engineering workshop. An independent team can come off he rogram Perform a fun ional ana ysis of the facility Ob in the wner users definition of value D fine th k y criteria and objectives for the devise Veri y/validate the proposed program Review master plan uti lity options (e. g. Central utility program Plant versus individual systems) Offer alternative solutions (square footage needs per function, adjacency solutions, etc. bank if the budget is adequate for the developed program G VE can be applied at any point in a project can b used in a tractor manufacturing firm also. The main stages of a projec and VE s app cation are described below. N O ina U of o rations or materials. Design This is the stage that most VE participants are used to becoming involved, when the design has at least made it to the schematic stage. The primary tool available to the VE 16 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in team is the workshoptypically a 40-hour session (or less for smaller or less complex projects).The Workshop is an opportunity to bring the design team and client together to review the proposed design solutions, the cost estimate, and proposed implementation schedule and approach, with a view to implementing the best value for the money. The definition of what is good value on any particular project will change from client to client and project to project. Methodology and Approach During the actual Workshop portion of the VE study, the five-step Job Pl Information mannequin Speculation (Creative) sort Evaluation (Analysis) Phase Development Phase (Value Management final cause Presentation Phase (Report/Oral Presentation) locution s followed Examples of M Russian liquid-fu l ro ket moto s are intentionally designed to permit ugly (though leakfree) w ldi g Thi reduces costs by eliminating grinding and finishing operations that do not help e mot r function better. Some Japanese disc brake have parts tolerances to three millimeters, an easy-to-meet precision. When combined with crude statistical process controls, this assures that less than one in a jillion parts will fail to fit. -d. fellate Management. yI lue Engineering During this phase value engineering is still possible thr ugh the use of Value Engi neering Change Proposals (VECP). Contractors can be p ided onetary incentives to propose solutions that offer intensify value to the owner, and share in the financial benefits realized. Clearly the owner must c nsider contra tor-generated proposals very carefully, from a life-cycle perspective and a liability p rspect ve.The A/E team must be brought in to the decision-making proces to agr e to he proposed change as not having any negative impact on the overall de ign and buil ing function. The evaluation of a VECP is treated similarly to any cha ge ord r during construction, with issues such as schedule and productivity impacts bei g considered along with the perceived cost savings generated. G N O U 17 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in M Disposing of scourge in a landfill i volves burying brag to stir of it, and this remains a common practice in most countr s.Histo ically, landfills were often established in disused quarries, mining misdirect or borrow pits . A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygieni and elatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly-de igned or poorly-managed landfills can create a number of adverse envir menta impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of iq d leacha Another common spin-off of landfills is swash (mostly composed of methan and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down n robical y.Th gas an create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a greenho se gas =======================xxx======xxxx============================ yI G N counterbalance management practices differ for developed and d veloping na ions, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial, produ ers. M nagem nt for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan are s is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while man t for n n-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usuall y the responsibil y of the g nerator. down management methods for vary widely between are s for many reasons, including type of waste material, nearby land uses, and th area avail ble. O U Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human acti ty, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, aesthet s or amenity Waste management is also carried out to reduce the materials effect on the nvironme t and to determine resources from them.