Looking Back by Guy de Maupassant

[Enter Post Title Here] Second language acquisition Foreign language: Learning language that is not generally spoken in the surrounding community. Second language: Learning a language that is spoken in the surrounding community. Acquisition and learning: Activities associated with learning have traditionally been used in language teaching in schools and have a tendency when successful to result in more knowledge about language.Acquisition barriers: The optimum age for learning may be during the years from about ten to 16 when the flexibility of our inherent capacity for language has not been completely lost. Affective factors: If we are stressed, uncomfortable, self-conscious, or unmotivated we are unlikely to learn anything. Focus on method: Despite all these barriers, the need for instruction in other languages has led to a variety of educational approaches and methods aimed at fostering l2 learning.The grammer_translation method: Vocabulary lists and sets of grammar rules are used to define the target of learning , memorization is encouraged and written language rather that spoken language is emphasized. The audio lingual method: A systematic presentation of the structures of the l2 moving from the simple to the more complex in the form of drills that the student had to repeat.Communicative approaches: The reaction against the artificiality of pattern practice and also against the belief that consciously learning the grammar rules of a language will necessarily result in an ability to use the lang. Transfer: Using sounds, expression or structures from the L1 when performing in the L2. Interlanguage: Process that certainly contains aspects of the L1 and L2 but which is an inherently variable system with rules of its own. Communicative competence: The general ability to use language accurately appropriately and flexibly.

Personal Development Plan Essay

Section 1: So far, I have learned that the course I have taking to complete my education, is the right path me. I have also learned that I am a hard worker, and I have attainable goals to which if I remain dedicated I will attain. My hopes in doing this development plan is to list out a clear plan for myself to maintain the momentum in my educational goals. I know that a lot of what I like to accomplish within the next 5 years relies on how well I am able to accomplish this goal. I want to be realistic in this plan. I want to be able to put together attainable goals. In this plan it has to carry a certain expectations that will guide me to see where I am and any giving point in time. Because I want succeed in step towards completing my education, this plan is important to me. My Jungian Typology is INTJ â€Å"INTJs are idea people. Anything is possible; everything is negotiable. Whatever the outer circumstances, INTJs are ever perceiving inner pattern-forms and using real-world materials to operationalize them.† –Joe Butt I am very productive, whatever I set out to do in a day it will be done in a day. I am not easily distracted. I tend to be only curious in things that I need to understand. I am a mild external locus control, the variables in life affects our plans in ways that may not be easily to understand. Because of such possibilities, I believe our very best is required for whatever task we engage in so we can maximize our ability to succeed. So far I am not experiencing burnout, this is also a good reason to have a plan in place when you are pursuing goals. Even in work, we have to develop a plan to handle the challenges that we may face. I believe this is why I scored 16 on the stress test. If you have an idea how you intend to be in a giving situation, you tend to Lessing the stress level that comes with it. Section 2: OL 125: Personal Development Plan – SWOT Analysis (Milestone Two) Strengths (What do I do well?) Weaknesses (Where can I make improvements?) I am a creative person. I have an open mind, I listen to what people say. I am slow to anger, I tend to give people room to learn from their mistakes. I am brave, not because I am not afraid, I believe that what must be done has to be done. I can be overly accommodating which can compromise my wellbeing. I can be not forthcoming at times which can affect how decisions are made. I can be enabler at times also which can give the impression that I am not interested in a particular circumstances. I tend to procrastinate on things that are easy for me to do, because I know it will not take much effort. Opportunities (What kinds of things could I be doing based on my strengths?) Threats (Where could I be using my strengths and talents more productively?) I can be a writer. (novels, self-help books) I can be a teacher. I can be a motivational speaker I can be a director (corporate, business) The obstacles that I see that could prevent me from productive as I can be is the use of my time. I can also see that if I don’t continue to improve in my skill set through education I will not reach my professional goals. I have work on my procrastination over the little task. I have to trust in the process of my plans and focus on attaining the level of education that I want to have Reflection: The most interesting thing about the SWOT analysis is how simple it is to comprehend. We live out lives in parts, sometimes we never fully see how the other parts of our life affects all of our choices and action. Through SWOT analysis, we can begin to see how the parts fit. We can come up with a practical strategy to deal with our weakness and take advantage of our strength. SWOT analysis reveals that you need a plan to work right. SWOT analysis is a good strategic tool to use evaluate how we work. Quast, L (2013) Section 3: OL 125: Personal Development Plan – PEST Analysis  (Milestone Three) Factor Opportunity Threat Political 1. Taxes- I am concern about how the taxation system will affect my income. 2. Civil liberties- as governments fall all over the world and the threat of terrorist attack a growing reality in our days, I fear that my civil liberties will be affected 3. Healthcare- want to see harmonization of healthcare across America. The reluctance of the populace of the United States of America to accept the healthcare law, while there is nothing else in place to replace it, may make it difficult to harmonize healthcare across America. The increased pressure on the uninsured to get a healthcare insurance may lead to civil unrest. Economic 1. Domestic economic growth is slow and difficult to predict. 2. International economic growth is unstable and it affects our domestic economy. 3. Interest rate- the fluctuation interest rate makes it difficult to invest with confidence. Federal and State rules on taxation can improve the economy environment. If the economy growth does not improve, more people will be out of jobs and those out jobs will find it difficult to find new jobs. Socio-Cultural 1. Education-Society and culture has to continue to stress on the importance of education. 2. Terrorism- the international committee growing together to combat terrorism. 3. Lifestyle and attitude towards social culture changes I see more educated and skilled engineers on various projects that I work on. The need for tolerance in the work place is needed now more than ever without a social-cultural emphasis on education ignorance will cause many problems in the work place. Technological 1. Emerging technology- the Impact of emerging technology on daily business activities is increasing. 2. Outsourcing- globalization labor cost is catching up to domestic labor cost. 3. Economic Variable- The growth of technology is affecting the predictable pattern of global economic growth. Emerging technology is the foundation of the next technological boom. The pattern of sustainable growth in the technology sector may stall because of lack of skill labor force to guide its growth. Reflection: I see that by making effective use of PEST Analysis, one can ensure that whatever they are doing will be aligned positively with the agents of change that affect the global community. By paying attention and taking advantage of the observed changes, one can maximize the possibilities of being successful than if your activities oppose it. Section 4: Fill out the chart below with the three practical goals you have developed during this course: Goals Action Steps Potential Obstacles Plan to Overcome Try to attend class consistently. Create days and time to accomplish reading assignments then post on the discussion board early enough to get some feedbacks. Work schedule and obligation may interfere. Set a day to finish reading assignment and post in the discussion board. Work on one weak area from the assessment test. Pay attention to the areas in my leadership that may need a conscious effort to develop. Not every scenario from work allows me to implement the things I have learned. Be patient and wait for the opportunity to put in practice the improvement that I have learned. Apply myself to becoming a better manager. As an IT manager, there are so many crisis that sometimes you develop a routine of jumping in to help instead of letting the team leads to do their job. Some issue may be kept from me until it is too late to do something  about it. Trust in those who are put in place to lead, and allow them to do their job. Final Reflection: This plan will work because it is part of the basic principles that makes one a good student or a manager. It will show in my leadership, and those who are affected by my decisions will see me in a better light. It would also prove to me that making a decision to continue my education despite the success I now enjoy from professional career, has not been a waste of time.

Aboriginal Residential Schooling

The Aboriginal people had their culture stripped away, without any consent but by force. They were forced to adapt their lifestyle to the normal, and children put into schools to learn how to behave like the Canadians. The Aboriginal residential schools implemented by the Canadian Government were a cause attempting to destroy their culture (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p.132). The Canadian Government wanted to get rid of all aboriginal culture with no trace of their lifestyle. There was a massive social problem due to the separation of the races. It also raised a huge racist confrontation between the Aboriginal`s and the rest of society. The Aboriginal`s were not treated with any respect or dignity, which caused them to loose respect with our Canadian Government, as they were treated like animals. The Canadian Government did not want any Aboriginal`s to grow up as they were, they did not like the way their lifestyle was, they wanted to destroy their culture. They attempted to destroy their culture in many ways, one of the most obvious methods they used were to put the young children in to residential schools (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p308). These schools taught young Aboriginal children how to live like the Canadian, they were not allowed to do anything that was related to their culture not even allowed to speak their language (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). The children were punished if they did not follow the rules, these punishments were very abusive as well, but by doing so this enforced the children to follow the rules. These residential schools were very structured and strict. Eventually by staying in these schools, due to all the strict rules, abusive punishments, and them not being allowed to associate with their culture the Aboriginal children forgot their native language (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). The Canadian Government obviously wanted to get rid of all Aboriginal culture. The residential schools brought up a major problems, it created an immense, massive social problem with in the Aboriginal community and the Canadian society. The young Aboriginal children were stripped away from their parents, probably never even saw them again, these children were discriminated by others and were not even allowed to speak a single word  from their native language (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p132) . As displayed in the video, the young girl that had her period out publicly was put to shame by the nuns and the other children, this caused her to be bullied and discriminated because of natural cause (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). The video also prescribes the punishment received when the rules were broken, as the elder man describes his pain and the punishments received, he explains that these children were being separated entirely from the religion and culture, causing these children to view of their own nation as an abomination (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). This problems cause a lot of discrimination, causing many social problems with in the community, the children did not have rights, and could not speak for themselves. This massive social issue with in the Aboriginals was created by the ongoing of the residential schools. Canadian Government might not have been too smart by creating the residential schools as they did not calculate the outcome, these residential schools brought up great vengeance to the Aboriginals they wanted their culture back, in doing so it created a racist confrontation later on. This was a huge relation with the conflict theory. The Aboriginals found a method to bring back their culture by using the method the Canadian`s did, they developed their own Aboriginal schools (Geraldine Marcuse, 1993). These schools would teach the total opposite of what the residential schools taught, these schools were teaching their young children their native language, and bits of their culture, or at least what was left of it (Ravelli Webber, 2010, p309). The difference between the Aboriginal schools and the residential schools were the rules and methods of punishment. The Aboriginals taught in a normal manner, with respect, but in the residential schools it was like prison everything was eventually forced upon. The residential schools also made the Aboriginals to grow this hate for the Canadian Government causing this huge racist dilemma between the two parties. No good really came out of residential schooling, just a very bad racist confrontation in the long run. The Canadian Government stripped all the rights of the Aboriginal people, they got their culture massacred, dealt with force and abusive power, they  practically tried to destroy the Aboriginal culture. The Canadian Government put a lot of effort in this project, they tried to change the Aboriginal people in every way, they wanted those people to behave and change their lifestyle to the modern Canadian lifestyle. The Canadian Government have attempted to destroy the Aboriginal culture by bringing up residential schooling to begin the process of elimination. The Government did not want anything that was Aboriginal culture related left, they wanted to get rid of every bit of their culture. The residential schools cause major discrimination cause a massive social problem within the Aboriginal people. These residential schools also raised a huge racist confrontation to the Aboriginals, it separated them from the rest of the society. These schools really have destroyed most of their culture, and was a very cruel method in doing so. The Aboriginals deserved to be heard and have their own rights and freedom.

FBI National Security Branch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FBI National Security Branch - Essay Example According to the Federal Bureau of Intelligence, the NSB plays a critical role in protecting the United States against terrorist attacks, weapons of mass destruction, espionage, and foreign intelligence operations. The NSB mission ensures that the Bureau is in a position to perform its national security duties (FBI, 2006). The national security branch is made up of the counterterrorism division, counterintelligence division, and directorate of intelligence, terrorist screening centre, weapons of mass of destruction and a counter proliferation centre. The counterterrorism division concentrates on international and local terrorism related issues (fbi.gov, 2012). This division utilises its investigative and intelligence capabilities to fight acts of terrorism. The counterterrorism division fights against terrorism by dismantling terrorist networks worldwide, and cutting off any form of support that terrorists gain from sympathizers. The FBI states that the counterintelligence division i s responsible for preventing and investigating foreign intelligence activities in the United States. The counterintelligence division investigates the past and emerging threats to determine the state of national security. The counterintelligence division employs intelligence and law enforcement procedures to carry out investigative operations such as spying activities (wordpress.com, 2010). The directorate of intelligence (DI) is in charge of the Bureaus intelligence functions. The directorate of intelligence supervises field intelligence operations, which include collections down to dissemination. The DI ensures that intelligence is incorporated in all investigative programs. The DI continuously improves on its compilation, investigation, and dissemination capabilities to enable them provide intelligence that is important in protecting the nation (fbi.gov, 2012). The terrorist screening centre is another important division in the national security branch. The terrorist screening ce ntre supports the bureau in the fight against terrorism. The terrorist screening centre is responsible for providing a comprehensive watch list of identified or suspected terrorists. The terrorist screening database is accessible to government agencies such as departments of states, central intelligence agency, counterterrorism centre, department of defence, and the department of homeland security (FBI, 2006). According to the Bureau, the terrorist watch list is one of the most valuable counterterrorism tools for the United States government (fbi.gov, 2012). The national security branch has the weapons of mass destruction directorate, which is responsible for preventing and disrupting the possession of weapons of mass destruction capabilities and technologies. The National security branch created the WMD directorate in July 2006. The directorate deals with incidents that involve nuclear, biological, radiological and chemical weapons. The directorate employs intelligence to carry out investigations, develop countermeasures and drive preparedness that will ensure threats are prevented from becoming a reality. The FBI explains that the WMD directorate has a vision to eliminate the use of WMD. The directorate identifies and responds to WMD threats. The directorate cooperates with other law enforcement agencies to identify, and disrupt WMD operations (FBI, 2006). The Directorate supports the United States

The relationship between play and creativity Essay - 1

The relationship between play and creativity - Essay Example This close association between play and creativity has prompted practitioners and educators to design creative curriculum fostering creative environments in early school education. This paper seeks to review the literature on the relationship between play and creativity and the insights gained from the review will be beneficial for further interdisciplinary researches in this regard. A large number of researchers have tried to unearth how pretend play and elaborated role play are associated with creativity. Russ & Wallace (2013) regard pretend play among children as a creative act that is capable of stimulating and fostering creativity in adulthood. Pretend play triggers cognitive, affective, and interpersonal processes that are essential for the development of one’s creativity (Russ & Wallace, 2013, p. 136). The potential of pretend play to develop mature emotional control has also been documented in the literature. Hoffmann & Russ (2012, p. 182), in this respect, point out that children with higher levels of imagination, affect and organization during pretend play are better able to self-regulate and manage their emotions. Creativity researchers identify that both creativity and pretend play are characterized by cognitive abilities, the ability to create a variety of ideas, divergent thinking, broad associative skills, insight, cognitive flexibility, and perspective taking (Russ & Wallace, 2013, p. 137). The authors perceive pretend play as the creative outcome of children and emphasize on the need to undertake more in-depth researches on pretend play as a measure or predictor of creativity. The article throws light on a number of theories that explain how pretend play promotes creativity among children. Evolutionary theorists argue that pretend play prepare children for necessary adult activities; they claim that pretend play offers unique opportunity for children to practice with the skills of problem

The Factors before Implementing Economic Value Added Essay

The Factors before Implementing Economic Value Added - Essay Example One of the most crucial factors that are likely to have significant influence over the implementation process of EVA is the support and commitment from top management of the organization. Since the concept of EVA involves the change in attitude and behavior, it is very important to have acceptance from the top level. Researchers show that EVA and all other aspects that are associated with it will be completely accepted by the employees when they will identify that the top management of the firm has already accepted it. Often it is found that the senior executives are actually half-heartedly committed to the concepts like EVA as their understanding regarding value creation is vague. As a consequence entire implementation process gets affected and this, in turn, affects the company’s performance in the long run. However, according to Stephen F. OByrne and S. David Young, making the senior management, as well as the board, understand regarding the value-based management and EVA i s just a start of the entire implementation process (Young & OByrne, 2001). They have also opined that the executives and consultants have to take additional responsibilities and convince the top management and board of the company regarding the importance of value creation and the role of EVA (Young & OByrne, 2001). Once, this starting phase is completed, key strategic decisions regarding program design have to be taken. It is very important to consider the factors like EVA centers. It is crucial to define the EVA centers for a particular organization. In other words, organizations need to identify how far down the organizational hierarchy the EVA concept will be implemented. In order to define the EVA centers, existing profit centers can be taken into consideration.      In addition to this, there are two other important factors that have to be taken care in the process of implementing EVA in an organization.

Parental Spanking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parental Spanking - Essay Example According to Shane Tucker, "spanking is an appropriate form of punishment when used in an effective way, and not merely as an angry reaction to behavior." (Tucker) Therefore, spanking is an appropriate form of punishment to discipline a naughty child and it is a legal, socially-tolerated, and biblically-supported means of disciplining the child. First of all, parental spanking is a good form of discipline because it is most effective in disciplining the child and it causes no problems to the child, if implemented effectively. It is the most-widely used and effective way of immediately reducing or stopping an unwanted behavior of the child and it is not very harmful to the child. "Spanking can immediately reduce or stop an unwanted behavior if used extremely infrequently in selective circumstances (for instance when the child's behavior is so unsafe or dangerous that he could be significantly or permanently harmed.

Elvis Presleys Rise and Fall, and his contribution to the Rock and Research Paper

Elvis Presleys Rise and Fall, and his contribution to the Rock and Roll Music Industry - Research Paper Example The career of a celebrity is usually accompanied by a cause-and-effect based sequence of ups and downs that are supposed to be connected. But though Elvis Presley’s rise to the peak of popularity in the 1950s’ rock-n-roll music industry can fairly be explained in terms of the dynamics that an artist needs, the causes his downfall remains apparently mysterious and shrouded by some unpredictable events. At the 28th anniversary of his death he was entitled the â€Å"King of Rock n roll† due to his contribution to the rock n roll back in the 1950’s, this celebrity was fated to touch the bottom of popularity. For years Presley’s downfall has engaged the scholars in debates on the question why Presley’s popularity had to face a sharp downfall in the midway of his career forcing him to withdraw himself from the public affair. Though some critics hold the opinion that his rise as well as his subsequent downfall is the natural parts of a celebrityâ₠¬â„¢s life, most of the critics explain Presley’s downfall as a result of his pursuing for cheap popularity. The commonplace of these critics’ arguments is: the path that he chose to reach the peak of his popularity took him down. Obviously his approach was one-way and he reached the point of no-return. Even though at the beginning of his career, Elvis Presley showed a clear disposition of a marvellous musical artist, he began to increasingly depend on cheap popularity, shifting his attention from the quality of performance. A close investigation of his journey to the peak of his career fairly envisages his downfall at the end. It is significant to note that Elvis began his career as an acoustic artist.

Contemporary nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary nursing - Essay Example (Hermann, 2004) It is due to this reason that Australian nursing is confronting to challenges like lack of public reliance on hospitals, nurses', negligence towards patients etc. Other challenges include lack of community contact, some ethical issues which later escort towards loss of interest and defaming the profession. (Mant, 2002) Job dissatisfaction is also one of the reasons which escort experienced nurses to leave this field. (Goodwin, 2002) Under such circumstances where nurses are open to hear critics either in professionalism or ethical values, could one think that political apathy alone is to be held responsible for creating this situation In my opinion, the situation is all about what nurses understand and perceives the ethical and moral code of conduct. Therefore, it is not to blame the political apathy of professional values but the morals which a nurse has to follow throughout her nursing career. By nursing ethics, it is meant the morals and duties of nursing which she must succumb to in professional patient care. Often nurses see 'morality' as involving more a personal or private set of values, in contrast with 'ethics', which is seen as involving a more formalised, public and universal set of values. The incorrect use of fundamental ethical terms and concepts has led to a certain degree of confusion in nursing ethics discourse. Therefore the responsibility of this confusion does not lie with political apathy, but with a nurse who understands and perceives in her own manner. In this situation where 'political involvement' and 'ethics' has, been misunderstood in today's nursing profession, one must think behind the hidden facts responsible for creating the chaos. Blaming the laws, nursing code of conduct or nursing schools is not the solution to the problem. Lack of sharing and understanding a common nursing ethical language has become the ground root for taking a correct or incorrect course of action on which the reputation of nursing is built. Here by correct or incorrect I mean the course of action that is morally correct for the patient. For example if two nurses are unable to share a common perception about nursing practice, they cannot meaningfully debate about moral permissibility due to conflicting views and these views could later result into the differences clearly seen while handling a patient. Therefore, the onus comes on the shoulders of those nurses who are dedicated to enter in this profession to research about the conflicting views. The Moral Problems of today's Nurse Nursing practise revolves around basic care and common sense and today's nursing care is the moral care of the patient without these two features. (Traynor, 1999, p. 69) Moral care involves dedication and emotional bonding and respect for the patient. Though the nurses who are new to the profession are dedicated enough to handle the patient and understand morality, but that dedication is devoid of basic 'care' and 'common sense'. However older ones that stick to this profession for years explicitly identify their work and values as 'traditional' but still they never realise what is ahead of them that requires true morality what it takes to become today's nurse who is willing to accept

EMPLOYMENT LAW(EQUAL PAY LAWS-ARE THE ADEQUATE Essay

EMPLOYMENT LAW(EQUAL PAY LAWS-ARE THE ADEQUATE - Essay Example It would be necessary to consider each aspect individually in order to arrive at the correct results regarding the effectiveness of relevant legislatures and laws on the overall parity between genders in the context of UK employment scenario. What is necessary to consider in this paper is its scope, in that it is to examine whether the laws monitoring a more just and equitable wage distribution system between genders, absence of bias and discrimination in wage rate fixation systems among the genders and also the impact of work performance. The simple and logical rule is that both men and women need to be paid equally for performing the same kind and output of work, and there should be no bias or discrimination in wage rate fixation based on their gender and not performance. Further, the onus would fall upon the employers to prove that differentials in wage scales were due to other important and significant considerations other then gender. When men and women are performing the same kind of work, and following the same criteria for its performance, it is necessary that they be rewarded on similar quantitative basis, to avoid disparity and bias in wage payment systems. Again, if differentials persist, it would be incumbent upon the part of the employers to state and prove the reasons for such differences were due to material reasons other than the choice of gender discrimination. For instance it could be due to better technical knowledge, greater output and superior quality of performance, etc. It is proposed to examine these laws and directives in order to reach a consensus on the effectiveness of wage equality laws. Moreover, another important aspect that needs to be considered in this context could be that laws need to be operationalised and properly implemented in order to be of some consequence. Besides, constant monitoring and follow up action also needs to be made in order to be of some

Air Quality in Tung Chung Essay Example for Free

Air Quality in Tung Chung Essay In summer, wind blow from south to east, there is low pressure on land and high pressure on sea, onshore wind from Central China and in winter, wind blow from north to west, serious air pollution in Tung Chung due to monsoon wind. As there is high pressure on land and low pressure on sea, offshore wind from Central China to Pacific Ocean blows air pollutants emitted by industries, power stations and vehicles from South China to Tung Chung. Secondly, another cause is human factors. The major developments on Lantau Island at present are the Hong Disneyland and Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok, AsiaWorld-Expo and power station in Penny’s Bay. First, combustion of fossil fuels from the airplanes at the Airport worsens the air quality in Tung Chung. Second, busy vehicular flow to the airport, AsiaWorld-Expo and Hong Kong Disneyland and emits air pollutants. Third, fireworks at Hong Kong Disneyland produce air pollutants which are blown to Tung Chung by wind. Last, air pollutants also emitted from the Penny’s Bay Power Station. The major development project on Lantau Island in the future includes the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge. The commercial work and the busy vehicular flow after their completion will further produce more air pollution. The air quality in Tung Chung is likely to be worsened in future. Rapid economic development in South China results in serious air pollution in Tung Chung. As more industries are relocated from Hong Kong to South China due to lower production cost, there is a rapid cross-border flow of goods and people between Hong Kong and South China. There are some type of air pollutants: Carbon oxides, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide and Sulfur dioxide. In conclusion, the air quality of Tung Chung is poor. Physical and human factors are the causes of air pollution in Tung Chung.

Econ 561 Profit Analysis Question 2 LO3 Essay Example for Free

Econ 561 Profit Analysis Question 2 LO3 Essay 2-8(Key Question) With current technology, suppose a firm is producing 400 loaves of banana bread daily. Also, assume that the least-cost combination of resources in producing those loaves is 5 units of labor, 7 units of land, 2 units of capital, and 1 unit of entrepreneurial ability, selling at prices of $40, $60, $60, and $20, respectively. If the firm can sell these 400 units at $2 per unit, will it continue to produce banana bread? If this firm’s situation is typical for the other makers of banana bread, will resources flow to or away from this bakery good? Total Profits = Total Cost – Total Revenue Total Cost = Presource * Qresource and Total Revenue = Price * Qsold Total Cost = ($40 * 5 units of labor) + ($60 * 7 units of land) + ($60 * 2 units of capital) + ($20 * 1 unit of entrepreneurial ability) = $200 + $420 + $120 + = 0. Total Revenue = $2 * 400 loaves of banana bread = $800. Total Profits = $800 $760 = $40. The firm will continue to produce as it is earning economic profits. If this firm is typical of the banana bread industry, more resources will flow toward banana bread as other potential firms are attracted to the economic profits in the industry. 2-9 (Key Question) Assume that a business firm finds that its profit it greatest when it produces $40 worth of product A. Suppose also that each of the three techniques shown in the table on page 43 will produce the desired output. Resource Units Required Resource Price per unit of resource Technique 1 Technique 2 Technique 3 Labor Land Capital Entrepreneurial ability 4 a.With the resource prices shown, which technique will the firm choose? Why? Will production entail profit or losses? What will be the amount of profit or loss? Will the industry expand or contract? When will that expansion end? b.Assume now that a new technique, technique 4, is developed. It combines 2 units of labor, 2 of land, 6 of capital, and 3 of entrepreneurial ability. In view of the resource prices in the table, will the firm adopt the new technique? Explain your answer. c.Suppose that an increase in labor supply causes the price of labor to fall to $1.50 per unit, all other resource prices being unchanged. Which technique will the producer now choose? Explain. d.â€Å"The market system causes the economy to conserve most in the use of those resources that are particularly scarce in supply. Resources that are scarcest relative to the demand for them have  the highest prices. As a result, producers use these resources as sparingly as is possible.† Evaluate this state ment. Does your answer to part c, above, bear out this contention? Explain. (a)The firm will choose technique 2 because it produces the output at the least cost ($34 compared to $35 for techniques 1 and 3). Economic profit will be $6 (= $40 $34), causing the industry to expand. Expansion in this industry will continue until prices decline to where total revenue equals total cost of $34 and no additional firms will want to enter the industry. (b)The firm will adopt technique 4 because its cost is now lowest at $32. (c)The firm will choose technique 1 because its cost is now lowest at $27.50. (d)The statement is logical. Increasing scarcity of a resource causes its price to rise. Firms ignoring higher resource prices will become high-cost producers. Firms switching to the less expensive inputs become lower-cost producers and earn higher profits than high-cost producers. The market system, therefore, forces producers to conserve on the use of highly scarce resources. Question 9c confi rms this: Technique 1 was adopted because labor had become less expensive. 2‑10(Key Question) Some large hardware stores such as Home Depot boast of carrying as many as 20,000 different products in each store. What motivated the producers of those individuals to make them and offer them for sale? How did producers decide on the best combinations of resources to use? Who made these resources available, and why? Who decides whether these particular hardware products should continue to be produced and offered for sale? The quest for profit led firms to produce these goods. Producers looked for and found the least-cost combination of resources in producing their output. Resource suppliers, seeking income, made these resources available. Consumers, through their dollar votes, ultimately decide on what will continue to be produced.

Coca Cola The Company | Commerce Essay

Coca Cola The Company | Commerce Essay Organizations do not simply appears on their own, It requires proper planning and formal structure to ensure that organization will perform as expected. It is a social system formed by likeminded people, to achieve stated objectives or common goals of participants. Organizational design deals with factors and issues that should be considered, rules and processes that must be implemented. A successful organizational design helps to develop, implement and maintain effective organizational process, (Allan S.Gutterman). Organizational design is more than just defining the formal structure of organization. (Allan S.Gutterman).it also includes management decision making process, values, policies, mission, vision, goals and purposes for which organization exists. Thus it requires creativity and careful planning to design structure of an organization. This creativity has led the organizational design to organizational architecture. Coca cola the company: http://jobs.paktutorial.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Coca-Cola.gif Coca cola is a beverage company. It is manufacturer, distributor, and marketer for non-alcohol beverages and syrups. The coca cola company is truly global firm in real terms. Coca cola operate very smartly around the globe. It knows how to deal with changed culture, drinking habits and taste for specific beverages in specific regions. It thus used to changes its syrup formula and molds it according to taste and preferences of people in different regions. There are five main factors that holds important place in success of coca cola. Well recognized brand Around the globe Consistently improving quality Innovative and unique marketing program worldwide Availability on large scale, almost in every region of world Continuous stream of quality products e.g. Diet Coke (1982), Coca-Cola Vanilla (2002). Probably, coca cola is the sole product that is universally relevant in every corner of the globe, the Company feels that its its responsibility is to ensure that with every single can or bottle of Coca-Cola sold and enjoyed, individual connections are made with their consumer. Organizational structure of coca cola: Organizational structure of coca cola has characteristics of both mechanical and organic structure. The company has a centralized structure but recently there is a twist, it is moving from centralized to decentralized structure. Coca cola is well aware of how important it is to meet ever changing demands of customers. This realization has played key role in transition from centralized to decentralized structure of Coca cola. Two main operating groups of company include corporate and bottling management. Corporate operations are also divided in different regions like America, Europe, and Africa North America etc. in order to be more responsive to local demands of customers in different regions, its will work a lot to allow and encourage decision making at local level. In this way, upper management can devote more time to long term planning rather than devoting time to short term and little issues. Important decisions of company like financial human resource, innovation marketing strategy etc are centrally located within corporate division of company. In each region f company, some of these functions are performed on low level; most of the decisions are made by top management of company. For instance the decision to support world cup was made by top management, but local and regional branched were also considered important and were allowed to make advertising decisions. Such as they were asked to develop marketing strategies for local market In 2004, new CEO, Neville lsdell introduced more complex interategrate mechanism. In order to recover from extremely growth rate or company, lsdell used team of top management to create a culture of innovation and decision making. Employees at lower level can be informed by face to face meetings. Balance in organizational design is important as it allows some flexibility, as well as it will give organization some flexibility. The design of the company is hybrid or mixture of both organic ad mechanistic structure, and the company emphasis more on responsiveness. Recent research has revealed that company has 94800 employees, and more than five hierarchal levels of organization. Although the structure is good enough, company faces the communication problem. One survey revealed that company and people lack clear goals and objectives. While organization is trying to engage ore employed, that tall hierarchies will also create communication problems at the company. From last two decades, many firms are founding it difficult to reach their financial objectives, due to recent ethical crisis associate with organizations financial objectives. Warren Buffet served as a member of the board of directors and was a strong supporter and investor in Coca-Cola but resigned from the board in 2006 after several years of frustration with Coca-Colas failure to overcome many challenges. In 2000, company failed to make the top ten of Fortunes annual Americas Most Admired Companies list for the first time in a decade. The company is committed to refresh everyone who had touched the business of coca cola. Thus company gained the status of well recognized brand around the globe. Coca cola has great concern for social responsibility. The company is fulfilling all requirements of Corporate and social responsibility. it believes in transparency, honesty and integrity in business dealings, improved relationships with all stakeholders. In its services for community, coca cola has provided scholarships to more than 170 colleges, and this number is expected to grow to 287 over the next four years. It includes 30 tribal colleges belonging to the American Indian College Fund. Coca-Cola is also involved with the Hispanic Scholarship Fund. So, the demand of more accountability has no clear impact on behavior of Coca Cola. Conclusion: Coca cola is a very well reputed and well recognized beverage supplier all around the globe. It has hybrid structure of organic and mechanistic structure of organization. The company is committed to provide continuously improved quality products. To be more responsive to local demand of customers in different regions, coca cola allows local managers, at lower level to make decisions about changing demands of local customers to be more responsive, flexible and adaptive to change. The structure of company has centralized decision making as well decentralized to some extent. Some decisions are made by top management and lower level employees are engaged in decision making process by allowing them to decide about promotional or marketing strategy for their respective regions. Coca cola is in struggle to Connect with more employees; this has created some communication problems for the company. Company has enough potential to cope with different challenges and issues. Coca cola has great concern for CSR practices and believe on transparency, honesty and integrity in business operations so, the increased demand to accountability has no negative impact on coca cola, and instead it is contributing factor in improved performance by the company.

Science, Technology, and Human Values Essay -- Slaughterhouse-Five Ess

Science, Technology, and Human Values in Sigmund Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents, Henrik Ibsen and Arthur Miller's An Enemy of the People, and Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five Technology has advanced to the point where it touches our lives in nearly every conceivable way-we no longer have to lift a finger to perform the most trivial tasks. The wealth of information and science we have learned in the last few centuries have made our lives easier but not always better, especially when concerning civilization as a whole. Ibsen, Freud, and Vonnegut argue that human values have not kept pace with knowledge's unceasing expansion, which has become an anathema for the individual person and deleterious to society's delectation, albeit without people's entire comprehension. Henrik Ibsen, as adapted by Arthur Miller, uses his play An Enemy of the People to illustrate how one's contentedness is not necessarily aided by technology but in many instances in fact hindered. When the town's main industry, Kirsten Springs, becomes polluted it raises queries from Dr. Stockmann as to its hazardousness to its occupants. Nearly all residents of the little Norwegian city rally behind Aslaksen, the printer and leader of the business class, in destroying the doctor's credibility so that his accusations of the dangerous water will never be believed by tourists, which would result in a prodigious financial loss for all. This quaint town is a representation of humanity's tendencies towards egoism. When money is involved, it doesn't matter what the risk is, regardless of physical injuriousness and potential loss of life. The springs symbolize technology and Dr. Stockmann stands for venerable human values. The technology has become prosperous ... ...ges of technology outweigh the disadvantages to the collective human values of society. Science and Technology are not pursued to improve the moral values of man and as such will be perpetually in disagreement. Humanity will never cease to create new technologies and learn about the universe through scientific methods. A person's values on the other hand are not actively augmented and will suffer. Society is in need of a refreshing of ethics that stays on par with the development of man's other creations. Works Cited Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. Ed. and Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1962. Ibsen, Henrik and Hampton, Christopher (translator). An Enemy of the People. Boston: Faber and Faber, 1997 Stoppard, Tom. Arcadia. London: Faber and Faber, 1993. Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. New York: Dell Publishing, 1998.

Gothic Cathedrals :: Europe European Architecture Essays

Gothic Cathedrals For nearly four hundred years Gothic style dominated the architecture of Western Europe. It originated in northern France in the twelfth century, and spread rapidly across England and the Continent, invading the old Viking empire of Scandinavia. It confronted the Byzantine provinces of Central Europe and even made appearances in the near East and the Americas. Gothic architects designed town halls, royal palaces, courthouses, and hospitals. They fortified cities and castles to defend lands against invasion. But it was in the service of the church, the most prolific builder of the Middle Ages, that the Gothic style got its most meaningful expression, providing the widest scope for the development of architectural ideas. Although by 1400 Gothic had become the universal style of building in the Western world, its creative heartland was in northern France in an area stretching from the royal domain around Paris, including Saint-Denis and Chartres, to the region of the Champagne in the east and southward to Bourges. Within this restricted area, in the series of cathedrals built in the course of the 12th and 13th centuries, the major innovations of Gothic architecture took place. The supernatural character of medieval religious architecture was given a special form in the Gothic church. "Medieval man considered himself but an imperfect refraction of Divine Light of God, Whose Temple stood on earth, according to the text of the dedication ritual, stood for the Heavenly City of Jerusalem."3 The Gothic interpretation of this point of view was a cathedral so grand that seems to belittle the man who enters it, for space, light, structure and the plastic effects of the stonework are made to produce a visionary scale. The result of the Gothic style is distortion as there is no fixed set of proportions in the parts. Such architecture did not only express the physical and spiritual needs of the Church, but also the general attitude of the people of that time. Gothic was not dark, massive, and contained like the older Romanesque style, but light, open, and aerial, and its appearance in all parts of Europe had an enduring effect on the outlook of succeeding generations. Gothic architecture evolved at a time of profound social and economic change in Western Europe. In the late eleventh and twelfth centuries trade and industry were revived, particularly in northern Italy and Flanders, and a lively commerce brought about better communications, not only between neighboring towns but also between far-distant regions. Politically, the twelfth century was also the time of the expansion and consolidation of the State.

Authoritarianism: Until the Resources Dry Out Essay -- Government Poli

History has known far more authoritarian regimes than any other form of government. Authoritarianism is a form of non-democratic rule defined by state power being centralized in a single person or a small group of people. Unlike democracies, these individuals in power are not dependent on the people for power. Thus, under authoritarianism, state leaders have little accountability to the public and there is little individual freedom. Additionally, authoritarian regimes are not bound by a constitution that might limit their power. Such democratic liberties such as the right to assembly, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press are highly controlled or non-existent. State policies are designed to maintain the power status quo in favor of the ruling group and perceived threats are marginalized or, in some cases, extinguished. Authoritarianism is more likely to exist in countries that have not yet experienced a high degree of modernization. This is because, without modernization, many of the fundamental institutions thought to be required for democracy are not yet thoroughly developed. These institutions include intellectuals, entrepreneurs, and the emergence of an economic middle class. In fact, it is highly correlated that a middle class is a vital requirement for the existence of democracy. However, modernization by itself does not always mean that the end result will be a democracy. For instance, if modernization occurs in some urban areas but lags behind in the rural areas it could be destabilizing to democratic institutions. Poverty is also strongly linked to authoritarianism although it alone is not a correlation. Authoritarian regimes would not survive if there was not at least a segment of the population that supp... ...ain control of the country’s wealth and resources. Authoritarian regimes use coercion and limit individual freedom to maintain their power. They are also able to keep a middle class from emerging by hindering economic development. In these regimes, when the resources run out they are no longer able to buy off the segments of the population, the elites, necessary to maintain that power. Resource rich, countries are able to sustain authoritarian regimes longer than those without. However, as evidenced by the eventual demise of the Soviet Union, even the most powerful of authoritarian regimes are vulnerable when the resources start to dry up. Works Cited O’Neil, Patrick H. â€Å"Essentials of Comparative Politics.† Third Edition. 2010 P. 142 P. 146 P. 146 P. 146 P. 146 P. 147 P. 143 P. 142 P. 147 P. 147 P. 144 P. 152 P. 153

Islam and Religious Group Essay

Select at least 1 religious and 1 ethnic group not your own from the list below. †¢Religious groups (based on http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/affiliations-all-traditions.pdf) oChristianity †¢Evangelical Protestant †¢Mainline Protestant †¢Historically Black Churches †¢Roman Catholic †¢Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) †¢Jehovah’s Witnesses †¢Orthodox (Greek, Eastern) oJudaism (Orthodox, Conservative, or Reform) oBuddhism (Theravada or Mahayana) oIslam (Sunni, Shia, Sufism) oHinduism †¢Ethnic groups (based on divisions in U.S. Census Bureau documents) oAsian (Asian descent) oBlack (African descent) oHispanic and Latino (South or Central American descent) oPacific Islander (Polynesian descent) oWhite (European descent) Part III Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each about the religious group you selected: †¢How does your selected religious group differ from other religious groups (such as in their beliefs, worship practices, or values)? †¢What has been the experience of your selected religious group with others that do not share its beliefs or practices? †¢In what ways has the religious group you selected contributed to American culture? †¢Provide specific examples of prejudice or discrimination your selected religious group has experienced. †¢What were the sources of this prejudice or discrimination? †¢Does what you’ve learned about this religious group help you understand it? In what ways? Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each about the ethnic group you selected: †¢How does your selected ethnic group differ from other ethnic groups (such as differences in ancestry, language, or culture)? †¢What has been your selected ethnic group’s experience with other ethnic groups? †¢In what ways has the ethnic group you selected contributed to American culture? †¢Identify some specific examples of prejudice or discrimination that your selected ethnic group has experienced historically. †¢What were the sources of this prejudice or discrimination? †¢Does what you’ve learned about this ethnic group help you understand it? How? Part IV Answer the following questions in 150 to 250 words each: †¢How are the prejudice and discrimination experienced by your selected religious group and ethnic group similar? †¢How are they different? †¢Can you draw any conclusions about discrimination from this comparison

Ms-05 Solved Assignment 2013

To transfer to a greater extent than figure bulge assignments hollo myignou. in MS-05 SOLVED grant 2013 Presented by http//www. myignou. in/ Course codification Course Title Assignment economy C allplaceage MS 5 way of Machines and Materials MS-05/TMA/SEM-I/2013 All Blocks Note Attempt either the questions and submit this assignment on or before 30th April, 2013 to the coordinator of your study center. misgiving 1. The social occasion of Industrial Eng neeri g M Industrial Eng ne ring is co cerned with the initiation, im getvement and inst e genuinelyation of integ considerd corpses f men, visibles and equipment.It draws upon specialized know dg and s pour downs i math matical, physical and social in put to drubations unneurotic with the principle and me hods of technology analysis and aim to specify, predict and evaluate the results to be engendered from much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) brasss. It ignore in t palpebra respectfore be seen tha t industrial engineers ar stilbestroligners of instruction placements and industrial technology get down integ rambles assortmented ap professionalaches such(prenominal) as ope ration outs research, transcriptions analysis, behavioral science etc.te sayra towards the integrated excogitation of organizations.In this book galore(postnominal) industrial engineering techniques leave be habitd in versatile units which protagonist us in better watchfulness of pay get rid of systems. operations Management An Overview The constituent of Models yI Indian Institution of Indus ial En ineering (IIIE) has follow the future(a) explanation of Industrial heading G Methods and techniques of scientific managemen hav trem finish upous solve to play in jockstraping us to r devastati acer demythologized and logical declensionisions the act plant sound of windup harvest-home and operations perplexity.Through scientifi m h ds to ls and techniques of industrial en gineering and operations research a tenacioussighted with behavioral science we stomach look at write outly facets of the problems and evaluate the onsequ nces of our actions before arriving at a decision. These techniques thu reinforce the s bjective or self-generated judgment and contri preciselye to better management N O The scientific system for Operations management is growe come forward arity beca habituate it aloneows for organizational decisionswhether by b siness or giving medicationto be formulated to a lower place to a greater extent than rigorous considerations. U controvert the role of Scientific rules in Operations Manageme t. To down subvert more(prenominal)(prenominal) solve assignments consider myignou. in Models atomic go 18 re pictureation of systems with a view to explain sure aspects of systems behaviour. chiefly a mathematical model is preferent in decision-making beca white plague it tries to explain systems headingives and childs pl ayction in stipulations of decision variables reconcile to our asc fireency as hygienic as non- guide forlable parameters referable to environment or resource constraints etc. and so a simplified form of a model is E = f (xj, yi) Where E =Measure of effectiveness or objective choke xj =Controllable (decision), variable, j = 1 yj =Non- learnlable parameter, i =1 m Thus a model provides us a ca white plague-effect relativeship so that we evoke evaluate ur choice courses of action on the basis of our objectives and choose an optim l (best chthonian the circumstances) strategy to maximise our effectivene s Thus mod s provide a valuable brute to compargon our options and and soly improve the q lity of decisions and provide us a better insight into our decision rocess Howe r it moldiness be noned that models argon a means to achieve an end (bet r decisions) nd not an end in itself.We must choose a simple, valid and logical mo el of the dec ion situation. A hulking yield of model ground techniques conduct b en de loped in th subject c all(prenominal)ed Operations Research (OR) which help in mathemat al con eptual sation of umpteen decision-making problems relevant to achievement/opera ions management. many very assorted and the right way techniques corresponding linea prog ming queuing theory and affectation expect been apply extensively to st dy various problem aras in fruit management. Some of these go forth be d cribed, though briefly, in appropriate units in this book.The Role of Computers M In a spacious coatd problem, a computing machine becomes a very efficient tool in problem solving and rating of alternati es. A b g size linear curriculumming or cloak problem aro office be efficiently lick on omputers. Due to libertine improvers in computering facilities and a plication oftw ar, galore(postnominal) OR models nooky he utilize via computers. Compu rs also ha e frightening role in management randomness systems to provide us ful, relev nt and timely education for plan, monitoring and co tro f overlapion systems-thus providing decision support through informati n.The Role of B havioural Science Since commonwealth atomic weigh 18 integral part of our cropion system, fellow feeling of adult male behaviour is very principal(prenominal) so that managers push aside evaluate the consequences of their actions on piece relations, esprit de corps, motivation and harvest-tideivity. Supervisors relationship with his subordinates, governance structure, mortal and group behaviour, thrash habits and attitude, incentives, booking in decision-making, performance appraisal systems have impingement on fakeer morale and motivation. Behavioural science provides us roughly insight on these aspects and therefore has a role to play in wargonion and operations management. I G N O U 2 To transfer more solve assignments prognosticate myignou. in ============================================== ================= brain 2. Explain the growth infusion and stages involved therein. merc give-up the ghostise selection is an on-going make for in all shaping. In fact, as the environment classification shows, as crude technology is veritable and as sassy tastes are formed, the admit should benefit from these risements otherwise than what is perceive to have added take to be forthwith whitethorn not be perceived as such tomorrow. For example, jute has been in use as a packing forte for a long time.However, with changes in technology and consumer taste, the same crop is no more perceived to ave added encourage and therefore, its demand has cut back. M Produ ibi ity The harvest-time election process is a mellowly integrative process. Thus harvest-feast function, hail, graphic symbol and reliability are virtu accomplice of the inputs to this decision. The producibility of a superlative of intersection/ assistant measures the tranquillise and the speed with which the get to cigarette be recruitd. The specialised equipment, specialised skills and specialised toolings, ease in switching toil from unrivalled intersection to other etc. nd are thus alpha factors to prize producibility. It is also weighty to look at the complete range of move aroundouts produced because a sensitive product whitethorn either use the capability of processes/sub-processes already accomplished or whitethorn direct the establishment of psychical ability of well-nigh processes/sub-processes. A family of- identical products is a great deal yI Product selection is a strategic dec ion, thereby involves other functional areas a ilk(p) market placeing, research and dev lopment and as well also the top management therein.The operation managem nt function provides vital inputs regarding the fruit of the product o se vice in the e decisions making. G Product selection is a strategic decision for any organisati n. much(prenominal) decisi s a long term decisions and the organisation commits itself to the product/pro ucts selected for a long time to come. What products to produce-in w at form and w th what features-is very important because many an(prenominal) other de sions- or example he technology utilize, the dexterity of the productive system, the locat n of toil facilities, the organisation of the exertion function the planning and run systems, etc. re dependent on this. The competitiveness and rofi bility o a libertine depend in part on the aspiration and quality of the products and serv es that it produces, and on the damage of take. The detect of a product or service may tiller it expensive to produce and a change in invent may make it possible to duce he same in a little(prenominal) expensive way. Similarly, oneness(a) chassis of a produ or serv ce m y require large and expensive additions to capacity of roughly pro ess whereas a change in public figure may make it possible to produce the s ame with e isting c pacity. N O U A strategic Decision M yI G N O U To download more re solve assignments phone myignou. in The offput minds thus generated are so screened where their grade into with corporate objectives and policies is study and their market viability is established. A stoped frugal analysis is then performed to determine the probable returnsability of the product or service. For non-profit organisations, this takes the form of a cost-benefit analysis. This is followed by development of the product or service from a concept to a concrete entity and nettly by design and testing.No down Sequence Although bet I depicts product selection as a accompanying process where one stage follows another, in reality, the process may not be so smooth as shown. Thus, economical analysis may have to be do later onward output development if reliab e cost estimates are not lendable at the earlier stage. Similarly, hot product featur may be added at any of the ab ove stages, thereby initiating a wholly crude cycle. Final y as product selection is an ongoing process, there is no finality to the pr cess since as some hot product ideas are world processed, quiet new ideas enter the utput sele tion process and this may go on and on.The product selection rocess herefo en ures a continuous match in the midst of what is demanded and what i produced. In some effects, the toil process has also to be des gned along w h the product or service. This has to be done, for example, when the m ket viabilit of the product depends on low cost and so the stool process h s to be decid d along with the product design. Or take the case of another product whe e it is felt peremptory to obtain a large market share right from the in ial l h It may become commanded to establish a large capacity for the production pr cess right from the beginning.The production process has to be design d along with he product in such a case. The previous constituent racy lig ted th fact th an output possibility has to cross several overleap before it enters e market as a commercial product or service. The new idea mortality rate lie with p esents e same in a graphical manner. Figure II shows the mortality slip for a suppositional group of fifty chemical substance product-ideas. Although the p duct id s ar hypothetical, still the stage-wise mortality as well as the time frame sho n is kinda i dicative.Figure II assumes that after triplet stratums of research fifty po enti chemica product-ideas are gainable for consideration. Initial scre ning r duces this number to active half and after economic analysis, by the end of year f ur the number of latent products decreases to nine. The mortality of deas continues over time and by the end of five-and-a-half historic menses, at the completion of he product and process development stages, the number has already fallen to about five.Design and testing funks this raise to about third and by t he end of construction, market development and commercialisation, just about one successful product is left(a).. Figure 11 is ground on internationalist experience, and situation in India has not been time-tested empirically. Thus, the mortality curve should be do by as an indicative proposition in the Indian context. M yI G New-Idea fatality rate Curve N O U 5 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in M The curve also show that co verting product ideas into marketable products is a slow process.For chemical produc on an mean(a) it takes sixer years to commercialise a product after the ini al research has been completed, as is shown by Figure II. At the end of t all, a product ommerc ally launched may not turn out to be successful and the mortali y may exte d to the product as well. The positive figures in Figure II are still indicative and at bottom an industry blind drunks disagree in the speed at which they asshole convert a product idea into a commercia l product. Some organisations are more innovative than others and they are invariably ahead with more new product ideas.Similarly, some organisations are more assay-pickings than others and seize a high priority to being a pioneer with new products than others who are relatively hazard-averse and would like to do a more thorough ponder of screening, economic analysis, product development, design and testing and would perhaps also wait-it-out to see how some others have fared with similar products. =============================================================== yI G 6 N O U To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in point 3. Define business line Design. How has management viewed ponder design since the industrial revolution? caper DESIGN is the process of putting together various elements to form a ponder, coach in mind organizational and individual worker requirements, as well as considerations of health, caoutchouc, and ergonomics. The scientific management approach of Frederick Winslow Taylor viewed product line design as purely mechanistic, exclusively the later human relations causal agent rediscovered the importance of workers relationship to their work and distressed the importance of reflect satisfaction. crease design refers to the way that a delineate of problems, or an entire shopworn, is organized. business design helps to determine.It takes into nib all factors which affect the work, and organizes the circumscribe and capers so that he whole stemma is little(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) likely to be a risk to the employee. Job design involves administrative eas such as hypothesise rotation, line of products enlargement, task/machine pacing, work breaks, and work ng hours. A well knowing parentage will encourage a change of good system posi ons, have re sonable medium requirements, require a reasonable make out of mental activ y and he p foster feelings of achievement and self-esteem. Job desi gn refers to the way that a set of tasks, or an ent e shoot, is orga ized.Job design helps to determine what tasks are done, how the tasks are done, how many tasks are done, and in what order the tasks are done. It takes into account all factors which affect e work and organizes the content and tasks so that the whole stock is less like to be a risk t the employee. Job design involves administrative areas such as wrinkle rotation, logical argument enlargement, task/machine pacing, work breaks, and working(a) hours A well designed business sector ill encourage a course of good body positions, have reasonable streng requirem nts, require a reasonable nub of mental employment, and help foster feelings of achie ement and self-esteem.In productio and operations, Job design follows the planning and designing of product, process, and equipment. Job design specifies the content of to severally one mull and determines how work is distributed within the organization. Management v iewed mull over design since the industrial revolution in the approaches to Job Design USING SOCIO TECHNICAL SYSTEMS there are three important approaches to mull design, viz. , engineer approach, Human approach and The Job scorchacteristic approach. design flak M yI G N O U To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in The about important single element in the employ science approaches, proposed by FW Taylor and others, was the task idea, The work of either workman is fully planned out by the management at to the lowest level one day in wage hike and each man receives in most cases complete written instructions, describing in detail the task which he is to accomplish . . . This task specifies not only what is to be done but how it is to be done and the acquire time allowed for doing it. The principles offered by scientific management to argument design posterior be summarized thus charm should be scientifically studied. As advocated fragmentation and reutilization of work to guide the advantages of specialisation. Work should be arranged so that workers can be efficient. Employees selected for work should be matched to the demands of the think over. Employees should be trained to perform the job. monetary compensation should be employ to proceeds succes ful performa ce of the job. Two types of facto viz. ) motivators like achievements, recognition, work itself, responsibility, d anceme t a d growth and (ii) hygiene factors (which but maintain the employee o th job and in the organization) like working qualifys, organisational polici inter-personn l relations, pay and job security. The employee is dis at rest with the job f support factors to the required phase are not premised into the job. But, the employee may ot be satisfied even if the required maintenance factors are provided. The employe will be satisfied with his job and he will be more productive if motivators are introduced into the job content.As such, he a sserts that the job designer has to introduce hygienic factors adequately to reduce dissatisfaction and launch motivating factors. Thus, THE emphasis is on the psychological needs of the employees in designing jobs. The Job Characteristics Approach M yI G The human relations approach r cognised the ed to design jobs in an interesting manner. In the prehistorical two decade much w rk has been directed to changing jobs so that job incumbents can satisfy th r needs for growth, recognition and responsibilility, enhancing need satisfactio through what is c lled job enrichment.One giganticly publicised approach to job enrichment ses w t is alled job characteristics model and this has been explained on an individual basis n the nsuing section. N Human dealings Approach O These principles to job design seem to be quite rational and appeal g bec e they point towards change magnitude organisational performance. Specia isation and outinisation over a period of time result in job incumbe nts neat exper kind of quick y, starring(p) to higher levels of output. Despite the assumed gains in fficien y, behavi ural scientists have found that some job incumbents dislike specialised and routin j bs. UThe Job Characteristics Theory states that employees will work concentrated when they are rewarded for the work they do and when the work gives them satisfaction. Hence, they suggest that motivation, satisfaction and performance should be integrated in the job 8 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in design. According to this approach, any job can be described in terms of five core job dimensions which are defined as follows (a) scientific discipline variety The degree to which the job requires that workers use a variety of divers(prenominal) activities, talents and skills in order to successfully complete the job requirements. b) business identity The degree to which the job allows workers to complete whole tasks from start to finish, or else than disjoi nted portions of the job. (c) Task significance The degree to which the job fundamentally impacts the lives of others both within and outside the workplace. (d) Autonomy The degree to which the job allows workers freedom in planning and catalogue and the modes apply to complete the job. (e) Feedback The degree to which the job itself provides workers with lear, direct and understandable knowledge of their performance.M Question 4. =============== =============================================== Discuss the va iation in the approach of planning and hold backling of mintes, business deal and job depot production. heap production (also called carry production, continual flow production, series production, or consecutive production) is the production of large amounts of standardized products on production lines. It was popularized by Henry cut through in the early 20th century, notably in his Ford Model T. yIJobs that are high on motivating potential m st be h gh at least in one of the three factors that lead to substantive work an must b hig in both familiarity and feedback and vice versa. These three critical psyc ological sta s lead to the outcome such as (a) high intragroup work motivation, (b) high gr wth satisfaction, (c) high quality work performance, (d) high general job satisfaction, (e) high work effectiveness and (f) low absenteeism and turnover The odel says that internal rewards are obtained by an individual when he learns t at he in person has performed well on a task that he machinees about.G N The core job dimensions can be combine int a sin le predicti e advocate called the Motivating Potential Score. Its computation is as foll ws Motivating Skill variety + Task identity + Task signific nce potential = x Autonomy x Feedback score O U All of the job dimensions impact workers psychologically. The irst three dimensions affect whether or not workers view their job as meaningful Autonomy determines the extent of responsibility work ers feel. Feedback allows for eelings f sati facti n for a job well done by providing knowledge of results. To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in tidy sum production ordinaryly uses abject tracks or conveyor belts to move partially complete products to workers to perform simple repetitious tasks. This permits very high rates of production. Mass production is seat of government intensive, as it uses a high proportion of machinery in relation to workers. With fewer labour costs and a faster rate of production, capital is increased period expenditure is decreased.However the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line is so expensive that there must be some okay that the product is to be successful to spend a penny profits. Machinery for mass production such as robots and machine presses have high institution costs as well. Thus, mass production is ideally suited to serve large, relatively homogeneous populations of consumers, whose demand would satisfy the long production runs required by this method of manufacturing. As such, it is not surprising that, give a number of other factors, mass producti n first became prevalent in the United States.One of the descriptions of mass production is that the craftsmansh is in the wo kbench itself, not the training of the worker rather than having a skilled wo ker measu e each dimension of each part of the product against the plans r the o her pa ts as it is being formed, there are jigs and figure blocks that are ready t hand to e sure that the part is make to fit this set-up. It has already been check over hat the finis ed part will be to specifications to fit all the other finished parts a d it w l be do quicker, with no time spent on culture the parts to fit one another.This the sp cializ d capital required for mass production each judiciary is dissimilar and eac set of tools at each workbench limited to those indispensable to make one p t. A ch of these parts is uniformly and consistently constructed, interchangeability o components is thus another hallmark of mass produced goods. Mass production systems are us ally organized into fable lines. The assemblies pass by on a conveyor, or if they are h avy, hung fr m an command processing overhead monorail. In a grind for a interwoven produc rather han one assembly line, there may be many auxiliary assembly lines feeding sub-assemblies (i. . car engines or seats) to a backbone main assembly line. A di gram of a typical mass-production factory looks more like the skeleton of a fish than a sing e line. circle production i a manufa uring method employ to produce or process any product in holdes as argue a conti uous production process, or a one-off production. The primary ch racter stic of batch production is that all components are completed at a workstati n befo e hey move to the neighboring one. Batch production is popular in bakeries and in the manufacture of sports shoes, pharmaceutical ingred ients, inks, paints and adhesives.In th manufacture of inks and paints, a technique called a colour-run is apply. A colour-run is where one manufactures the lightest color first, such as light yellow followed by the next increasingly darker colour such as orange, then red and so on until reaching black and then starts over again. This minimizes the cleanup and reconfiguring of the machinery mingled with each batch. White (by which is meant opaque paint, not truthful ink) is the only colour that cannot be used in a colour run due to the fact that a mild amount of white pigment can adversely affect the medium colours.M yI G N O U 10 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in There are inefficiencies associated with batch production. The production equipment must be stopped, re-configured, and its output tested before the next batch can be produced. Time between batches is cognise as down time. Batch production is useful for a factory that makes seasonal items or produc ts for which it is difficult to estimate demand. Batch production has many pros and cons but is effective and used worldwide, mainly by larger businesses on higher profit margins.There are several advantages of batch production it can reduce initial capital outlay because a single production line can be used to produce several products. As shown in the example, batch production can be useful for small businesses who cann t spend to run continuous production lines. Also, companies can use batch production as a rial run. If a retailer buys a batch of a product that does not sell then the manufacturer an cease production without having to sustain considerable losses. The term Job Shop takings (JSP) describes a m nufact ing e viro ment that produces entrap goods in small batches.It is a ballpark manufactu ing environment in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The inc ming orders very much differ in the number of order products, their design, process charac ristics (for e xample, routeings, operation processing measure, and set up times), or ur ency. Becau of this variation the control of the square flows in this type of compan s is extremely complex. It can hardly be predicted how the production o ers ill be vided across the machines in future periods. A high demand on machines nd parti-coloring production orders cause long waiting times of orders on the blackleg floor.The d rect consequence is that lead times are long and unreliable, whereas nowadays sho nd rel able delivery times are required. virtually of the problems in job pro uction a ise fr m the variety of jobs arriving and demanding individual processing equences on the meagre facilities in the job surf. Owing to these factors the jo shop chara erized by the following typical problems complicated and un regular material flow patterns large in-process inventorie large waiting times for jobs large completi n times f r jobs unpredictable p ob ms owing o the large variety of tasks M Que stion 5Discuss the various methods for entrepots chronicle and verification systems. Stores Accounting dodges Stores score is important from the point of view of estimating the cost of the product for pr chicken feed decisions. The costing of material has to be done both for the materials consumed in the production and estimating the value of materials held in stock. For the innovation of costing the receipt of materials, the factors that should be involve yI G N O U 11 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in are material monetary value, freight charges, insurance, duties, taxes, packaging charges etc.The prices quoted and try fored in purchase order may oft be stated in various ways such as elucidate prices, prices with discount terms, free on board, cost, insurance, freight, etc. All these factors should be appropriately accounted while costing for the incoming materials. Another important method of accounting is to be done for the issue to production and o f the stocks held at the end of accounting period. Let us discuss some of the important and customaryly used system for this economic consumption a) first in first out System This system known as rootage in First Out System is based on the assumption that the oldest stock is spend first.Therefore, at the time of issue the rate pertaining to that will be applied. There is no profit or loss in the p icing arrangements. The value of the stocks held on hand is the coin that has be n paid for that amount of stock at latest price levels. In case of too many changes in pr e levels the first in first out System becomes unwieldy. Another limitations of is system is at it fails to provide a satisfactory serve well to costing-returns from stores. ) LIFO System This system known as Last in First Out System i based on the assumption that the most recent expediency are issued first As the lastest prices are charged in this system, it leads to lower inform p ofits i the periods of rising prices and this offers savings in taxes. In case of wide fluct tions pric s this system tends to immunise unsuccessful gains or losses in invento y It has almost the same limitations as that of FIFO System. c) Average Cost System This is b sed on the as umption that issues to production surgical incision are equally do from different ipmen s in stock, i. . an average cost of shipment in stores is charged t stabili es th cost figures. The average is to be calculated by dividing the come in co t with the n mber of items and is to be updated with every new purchase. d) marketplace nourish System This is lso known as renewal rate costing, in which the materials issued are char ed the prevailing market rates. This system underestimate e stock n h nd in the case of price increase, whereas it overestimates the s ck on han in the case of price decrease. This may in turn lead to writing off huge mo t to mak it realistic.Moreover, a continuous monitoring of the ma ket tes for all materi als makes the system cumbersome. e) Standard Cost System In this system a circumstantial analysis of market price and trends is carrie out to determine a standard rate for a fixed period, say six months or so. This standard rate is charged to materials issued during this period irrespective of the actual rate. by and by the period is over the standard rate is refreshened and updated. This system reflects the efficient use of materials as the fluctuation in rates is not considered in accounting. Moreover, it adds to clerical efficiency as the fresh rates are not to be obtained every time.However, similar to Market respect Approach, this also leads to underestimating or overestimating stocks on hand in case of rising and falling prices respectively. f) System of Costing the closing Stock The general guideline for this purpose is to M yI G N O U 12 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in use market price or stock at cost, whichever is less. The cost of closing stock is governed mainly by price units, obsolescence and deterioration. In rare cases the stock may regard with time. Appropriate formulae to account for these factors should be developed keeping in view the past experience.Stock stay Systems Some discrepancies between the actual and the book balances of inventories are bound to do despite the diligent store keeping. The process of stock verification is carried out for following purposes i) To reconcile the store records and documents for their accuracy and usefulness, ii) appointment of areas deserving tighter document control, iii) To back-up the balance tag end stock figures, and iv) To minimise the pilferage and fraudulent work outs. Most companies keep an inventory short and over account to abs b such discrepancies, which is finally closed into the manufacturing overh ads account.Some of the systems of physical stock taking are as follow a) annual or Periodic Physical Verification In this system the entir inventory is phys ically verified at the end of a period, commonly t e accounting period. That is, normally at the end of pecuniary year. Stocks are closed f r a fe days This may necessitate the unopen down of production operations. th activities such as repair and overhaul of equipment and machinery are r orte A s cial crew of store inspectors and stores verifying officers, usually from the material audit, physically check each item and equivalence the e tries on bin c rd and stores ledger.This leads to the formation of a list of superfluity r short ite Dam ged and obsolete items are traced and recorded. This needs o develop a de ailed programme and register to complete the verifications storew se and item ise. Top managements sanction can then be sought-after(a) for writing off defici ncies o valuing surplus. As all the items are checked at ne time there can be no confusion about any item being left unchecked. b) Perpetual n entory nd dogging Stock Taking System In case of large firms deali ng w th large num er of items the final inventory system may take a stack of time and it may no e possib e to close down down the whole plant.The perpetual invent ry system i a more appropriate method for large plants. In this method the stock ver ficatio is done ceaselessly throughout the year. Different methods are adopted by ifferent firms for continuous verification. Some firms div de the whole inventory into fifty-two equal parts. all(prenominal) part is verified every week. Some firms record store balances after every receipt and issue, and a number of items are counted daily or at frequent intervals and checked with the bin cards and stores ledger. Discrepancies found, if any, owing to incorrect entries, breakage pilferage, over-issue, placing of items in abuse bins, etc. are investigated and corrected accordingly. The significant advantages of this system are as follows i) The shut down of the plant is not necessary for stock checking/taking. ii) The method is less cost ly, less tiring, less cumbersome and hence is more accurate. iii) Discrepancies and defects in stores are readily sight and are not carried over M yI G N O U 13 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in throughout the year. This prevents amends and losses. iv) Slow moving stocks can be noted and proper action can be initiated in time. v) The stock items are kept within the limits. ) Low dapple Inventory System Some companies take the physical inventory, i. e. the stock level of stores is checked generally when it reaches its minimum level. Question 6. put out Short notes on a) Work have Work Sampling is a investigatory tool. It is a measurement technique for quantit ive analysis, in terms of time, of the activity of operators, machines, or f any observ ble state or condition of operation. This tool is particularly useful when inf rmation desperately needed about men or machines, especially in the analysis f non-r p titive or irregularly occurring activity where no complete method and frequen y description is available.Work sampling can be used to study almost a y type of wor repetitive and non-repetitive, factory or office, executive or supe visory, clerical or ngineering, handlers, salesmen, nurses and what have you. a) Some uses of Work Sampling Work Sampling provides a w y to M yI obtain breeding bout ei er certain long cycle work or nonrepetitive type of jobs for which it would be clearly verbose to use continuous observ i n methods i dicate if certa activit es should be studied in detail. elp sign the work load distribution in formulating a new work system. tu y any op ration for possible methods improvement. help e tablish job content as an aid to job evaluation and employment purposes. aid supervisors to unionise their time. aid appraisal of shop effectiveness, efficiency, safety performance etc. provide feedback information about compliance to stated management policies. assist in establishing standards of performance. establish controls on labour, material or machine utilisation. G N Work sampling is a method of randomly obs rving k ting state or condition of the object being studied.From the proportions f observations in each category, inferences are drawn concerning th aggregate work ac vity under study. It can be used for fact-finding, work measurem nt and m h ds analysis. O U The object of the observations maybe personnel, equipment or facilities which can be categorised as follows 14 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in Typical categories applied to people are (a) Working (b) Being calorie-free (c) Being out of area (d) walk (e) Handling material (f) Inspecting (g) Changing tools (h) make clean up (i) Handling clerical tasks (j) Talking.Typical categories applied to machines/equipments are At work (b) Idle-no operator (c) Idle-no stock (d) Idle-being serviced (e) Idle interference. b) word meaning Sampling Acceptance sampling uses statistical sampling to determine wheth er to acc pt or reject a production pot of material. It has been a common quality control techniq used in industry and particularly the military for contracts and procuremen It is usually done as products leave the factory, or in some cases even within the fac ry.Mos often a producer supplies a consumer a number of items and deci on to a cept o reje t the lot is made by determine the number of defective items in a strain from the lot. The lot is accepted if the number of defects falls below where th bankers acceptance n mber or otherwise the lot is rejected. One of the powerful statistical techniques of quality ontrol is Acceptance Sampling. This technique is generally used in those si atio where items are inspected in batches, generally known as lots.The acceptableness w l depend on the acceptable quality of the lot, which in turn depends on the u e and the pric you are unforced to pay for this quality. Acceptance is based on the infe ence mad from th sample and hence the tech nique is known as Acceptance Sampling Typically a lo is specified by its size and the ingredient of defectives that are expected to e present ( t the most) in the lot. The principles of statistics are used in the infe nce p cess One of the powerful statist al tech iques of quality control is Acceptance Sampling.This technique is generally sed in those situations where items are inspected in batches, gener l y know as l ts. For example, you may receive a shipment of 10,000 galvanizing bulbs and y u may ha to shape whether to accept the shipment or return it back to the suppl er. T e accept bility will depend on the acceptable quality of the lot, wh ch turn depends on the use and the price you are willing to pay for this quality. S ppose you decide to accept if the average fraction defective is less than 5 per cent. Th n to shape the actual quality you may decide to inspect each acid every bulb.Su h a strategy of. coulomb per cent inspection, however, may often be expensive and i mpractical. In such cases a more intelligent way is to use the concept of Sampling Inspection. -c) Value plan & Analysis Value Engineering or value analysis is a systematic method to improve the Value of goods and work by using an examination of FUNCTION. Value, as defined, is the M yI G N O U 15 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in ratio of Function to Cost.Value can therefore be increased by either amend the Function or reducing the cost. It is a primary tenet of Value Engineering that quality not be reduced as a consequence of act Value improvements. Value Engineering is sometimes taught within the industrial engineering body of knowledge as a technique in which the value of a systems outputs is optimized by crafting a mix of performance (Function) and costs. In most cases this apply identifies and removes unnecessary expenditures, thereby increasing the value for the manufacturer and/or their customers.Value Engineering uses transcendent logic (a unique ho w why sceptical technique) and the analysis of Function to identify relationships that increase Value. It is considered a quantitative method similar to the Scientific Method, which focuses n Hypothesis closure to test relationships, and Operations Research, which uses mod l building to identify predictive relationships. A viable Value Engineering course of study is predicated upon an adequa return on investment, typically 1% of total obligated authority for DLA activitie Benefits include Reduced acquisition costs. Reduced intent cycle costs.Reduced total ownership costs. Standardization, decrease or el BEST range mean M yI At the Planning stage of developm nt, there are excess benefits to be derived from a Value Engineering workshop. An independent team can come off he rogram Perform a fun ional ana ysis of the facility Ob in the wner users definition of value D fine th k y criteria and objectives for the devise Veri y/validate the proposed program Review master plan uti lity options (e. g. Central utility program Plant versus individual systems) Offer alternative solutions (square footage needs per function, adjacency solutions, etc. bank if the budget is adequate for the developed program G VE can be applied at any point in a project can b used in a tractor manufacturing firm also. The main stages of a projec and VE s app cation are described below. N O ina U of o rations or materials. Design This is the stage that most VE participants are used to becoming involved, when the design has at least made it to the schematic stage. The primary tool available to the VE 16 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in team is the workshoptypically a 40-hour session (or less for smaller or less complex projects).The Workshop is an opportunity to bring the design team and client together to review the proposed design solutions, the cost estimate, and proposed implementation schedule and approach, with a view to implementing the best value for the money. The definition of what is good value on any particular project will change from client to client and project to project. Methodology and Approach During the actual Workshop portion of the VE study, the five-step Job Pl Information mannequin Speculation (Creative) sort Evaluation (Analysis) Phase Development Phase (Value Management final cause Presentation Phase (Report/Oral Presentation) locution s followed Examples of M Russian liquid-fu l ro ket moto s are intentionally designed to permit ugly (though leakfree) w ldi g Thi reduces costs by eliminating grinding and finishing operations that do not help e mot r function better. Some Japanese disc brake have parts tolerances to three millimeters, an easy-to-meet precision. When combined with crude statistical process controls, this assures that less than one in a jillion parts will fail to fit. -d. fellate Management. yI lue Engineering During this phase value engineering is still possible thr ugh the use of Value Engi neering Change Proposals (VECP). Contractors can be p ided onetary incentives to propose solutions that offer intensify value to the owner, and share in the financial benefits realized. Clearly the owner must c nsider contra tor-generated proposals very carefully, from a life-cycle perspective and a liability p rspect ve.The A/E team must be brought in to the decision-making proces to agr e to he proposed change as not having any negative impact on the overall de ign and buil ing function. The evaluation of a VECP is treated similarly to any cha ge ord r during construction, with issues such as schedule and productivity impacts bei g considered along with the perceived cost savings generated. G N O U 17 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in M Disposing of scourge in a landfill i volves burying brag to stir of it, and this remains a common practice in most countr s.Histo ically, landfills were often established in disused quarries, mining misdirect or borrow pits . A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygieni and elatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly-de igned or poorly-managed landfills can create a number of adverse envir menta impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of iq d leacha Another common spin-off of landfills is swash (mostly composed of methan and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down n robical y.Th gas an create odor problems, kill surface vegetation, and is a greenho se gas =======================xxx======xxxx============================ yI G N counterbalance management practices differ for developed and d veloping na ions, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial, produ ers. M nagem nt for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan are s is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while man t for n n-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usuall y the responsibil y of the g nerator. down management methods for vary widely between are s for many reasons, including type of waste material, nearby land uses, and th area avail ble. O U Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human acti ty, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, aesthet s or amenity Waste management is also carried out to reduce the materials effect on the nvironme t and to determine resources from them.